School of Bio-Medical Sciences (Bio-Medical)http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/62024-03-28T11:50:51Z2024-03-28T11:50:51ZAlcohol and substance abuse among the youth in Kamwokya slum in central division, Kampala district.Kansiimeruhanga, FortunateKirande, Bildad Felixhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/177892023-12-13T14:35:11Z2023-12-08T00:00:00ZAlcohol and substance abuse among the youth in Kamwokya slum in central division, Kampala district.
Kansiimeruhanga, Fortunate; Kirande, Bildad Felix
Background: Alcohol and substance abuse has continued to be a serious health problem among the youth in Kamwokya slum, Central Division, Kampala district and it has been affecting the community for a long time. However, the burden of drug abuse and the risk factors predisposing them to vice are not fully known. A cross-sectional was conducted to assess the burden of alcohol and substance abuse and the associated risk factors among the youth in the Kamwokya slum in the Central division of Kampala district. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted amongst the youth of Kamwokya slum, Central Division, Kampala district. This study was approved by the Makerere University School of Biomedical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee with reference number SBS- 2023-355. Study participants were recruited consecutively until the sample size was reached. A modified WHO ASSIST tool was used to collect data on alcohol and substance abuse among the youth in the Kamwokya slum area in Kampala District. Data was double-entered into EpiData , validated and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Chi-square test, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to relate the findings to alcohol and other substance abuse. Results: A total of 145 study participants were interviewed. Majority of respondents interviewed were males (62%, n=90). Most of the respondents were aged between 18 – 24 years (51%, n=75). Study findings showed that most of the respondents were students (30%, n=44), followed by business persons (25%, n=36). The majority of the respondents stayed in rentals (63%, n=91), and (27%, n=40) of the respondents stayed in their ' 'parent's houses. Findings showed that (58%, n=84) had ever used alcohol and other substances of abuse in the past one month. Most of the respondents were taking alcoholic beverages (35%, n=51), followed by those cannabis (27%, n=40) and followed by those taking tobacco (22%, n=32). There was a significant association between occupation and drug/alcohol use (p < 0.001). Findings showed a significant association between age and drug/alcohol use (p = 0.019). Findings showed that there was a significant association between residence and drug/alcohol use (p = 0.020). The majority of the respondents (58.6%, n=85) agreed with eradicating alcohol and other substances and Opinions were more evenly distributed across the categories. However, there was no significant association between this opinion and drug/alcohol use (p > 0.05). Respondents who disagreed that alcohol and other substances of abuse are okay if consumed responsibly were less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol consumption compared to those who were neutral (OR=0.073; 95%CI: 0.014 to 0.372; P = 0.002) and (OR=0.226; 95%CI: 0.058 to 0.888; P = 0.033) Conclusion: More than half (58%) of the youth in this study had ever used substance abuse. Most of the respondents were taking alcoholic beverages (35%), followed by those cannabis (27%,) and followed by those taking tobacco (22%).
A dissertation report submitted to the department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences of Makerere University.
2023-12-08T00:00:00ZAnalysis of typhoid serodiagnostic data and patient socio-demographic and clinical characteristics at Uganda Martyrs' Hospital, LubagaAguma, NicholusMoparti, Sri Venkata Satya Sai EswarNoumechi, Tietche RochelWejjo, Yonasanhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/165122023-10-02T10:35:40Z2023-01-01T00:00:00ZAnalysis of typhoid serodiagnostic data and patient socio-demographic and clinical characteristics at Uganda Martyrs' Hospital, Lubaga
Aguma, Nicholus; Moparti, Sri Venkata Satya Sai Eswar; Noumechi, Tietche Rochel; Wejjo, Yonasan
INTRODUCTION
Typhoid fever remains a major public health concern. According to World Health Organization (WHO), there were an estimated 10.9 million cases of typhoid fever worldwide in 2019 with 110,000 deaths. Typhoid fever (also known as enteric fever) is a systemic infection transmitted through ingestion of food and water contaminated with human feces and caused by the Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi or Paratyphi A, B and C (Background document: the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever. Geneva, Switzerland: 2003, Andrews JR, Ryan ET, 2015). It is characterized by numerous nonspecific symptoms, including high fever, headache, malaise, joint pain, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea.
In Uganda, there was an outbreak of typhoid fever in the Kasese District from 2008 till 2011 causing a high rate of intestinal perforation (MS Walters et al 2009). According to Health Management Information System (HMIS), in Kampala over the period of two years from January 2021 to December 2022, the number of typhoid cases reported was 86,622, however, they might not represent the actual positivity rate of typhoid in Kampala because it is likely that most of them were diagnosed solely based on clinical characteristics or a few serological diagnoses. It is therefore not certain whether the figures in the HMIS reflect the true picture of typhoid in Kampala. Estimating the prevalence of positive S.Typhi serology over the same period and the associated demographic and clinical characteristics in a busy health care center shall contribute to clarifying the burden of typhoid in Kampala.
METHODOLOGY
The research employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design, utilizing laboratory records and conducting statistical analysis to identify significant trends and patterns. The data for this study was collected using tools capturing relevant socio demographic characteristics and typhoid serology test results from the records at Lubaga Hospital Laboratory. The results of the analysis were presented in the form of tables and charts.
Results: Findings revealed only 13 cases (0.36%) positives at Lubaga Hospital for typhoid compared to 86,622 positives throughout Kampala according to the HMIS data extract.
Conclusion: The prevalence of typhoid-positive tests among suspected cases at Lubaga Hospital was 0.36% which is very low relative to the number of reported cases in HMIS for Kampala district. It is likely that many of the cases reported in the HMIS were not accurately diagnosed.At Lubaga hospital, typhoid diagosis is majorly relient on commercial rapid tests whose performances are not well documented.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZAntibiotic activity of garlic, ginger and tamarind crude extracts on methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureusBongo, EmmanuelBwambale, PinonAtuhairwe, VivianPitua, Ivaanhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/141452023-01-12T12:23:00Z2022-08-01T00:00:00ZAntibiotic activity of garlic, ginger and tamarind crude extracts on methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
Bongo, Emmanuel; Bwambale, Pinon; Atuhairwe, Vivian; Pitua, Ivaan
Introduction: Due to the increased resistance to antibiotics by bacteria like MRSA, antibiotics which were once used to treat these become less effective. As a result, medicinal plants could be a reliable alternative for therapy. Garlic, Ginger and Tamarind have traditional dietary and medicinal applications as antimicrobial agents. A biologically active compound derived from these plants may increase the effectiveness of clearing infections therefore, the present study aims to determine the antibacterial effect of ethanol extracts of garlic, ginger and tamarind against isolates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Methodology: Most recent clinical specimen stored at the laboratory’s biorepository were retrieved, reinoculated in Blood Agar and grown under favorable conditions. Susceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotics and plant extracts was determined by disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar by measuring the diameter of the Zone of Inhibition (ZOI)
Results: Findings revealed that all plant extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of most of the MRSA isolates. The maximum antibacterial effect was exhibited by Garlic n=24 (ZOI = 16.25±2.72 mm, p =0.02) followed by Tamarind n=15 (ZOI = 8.21±1.33 mm, p = 0.00) and Ginger n=11 (ZOI = 7.46±1.02 mm, p = 0.01). As Cefoxitin (FOX) was used to determine resistance, the means and interquartile ranges in comparison to plant extracts were FOX (mean=14.33, IQR=2.25); Garlic (mean=16.25, IQR=3.25); Tamarind (mean=8.21, QR=2); Ginger (mean=7.46, IQR=1).
Conclusions: There is significant antibacterial activity when plant extracts of garlic, ginger or tamarind are used against MRSA bacteria.
2022-08-01T00:00:00ZAntibiotic activity of turmeric, castor oil, honey and apple cider vinegar extracts on MRSA on isolates from medical microbiology laboratory, Makerere University.Nakyeyune, Grace ZziwaAmuge, MaryBabigumira, DavisAbala, Pey SamuelMasaba, Adamhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/182282024-01-15T12:53:12Z2023-12-15T00:00:00ZAntibiotic activity of turmeric, castor oil, honey and apple cider vinegar extracts on MRSA on isolates from medical microbiology laboratory, Makerere University.
Nakyeyune, Grace Zziwa; Amuge, Mary; Babigumira, Davis; Abala, Pey Samuel; Masaba, Adam
Background
Herbal medicine is used by approximately 80% of the world’s population according to WHO. In Uganda, herbal remedies play a significant role in the health care system being the oldest yet continuously utilized medical treatment across different cultures. Furthermore, plant extracts used as food colorants, additives, and preservatives such as turmeric, honey, castor oil, and apple cider vinegar have also been reported to treat infections like skin diseases and coughs. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antibiotic activity of turmeric, castor oil, honey, and apple cider vinegar on MRSA.
Objectives
To determine the Antibiotic activity of turmeric, castor oil, honey, and Apple cider vinegar extracts on MRSA on isolates from the medical microbiology laboratory, Makerere University Methodology
This was an analytical study where 20 isolates were retrieved, and cultured. Gram staining and various biochemical test like catalase test, coagulase test, DNase test, mannitol salt agar test and cefoxitin susceptibility testing were carried out to ascertain MRSA. 17 of the 20 isolates were viable MRSA stains and were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing with turmeric, apple cider vinegar, honey, and castor oil.
Results
Results were recorded following CLSI guidelines. Apple cider vinegar had the highest antibacterial effect, n=17 (ZOI = 31±2.52 mm) followed by honey n=17 (ZOI =18±4.29 mm) then castor oil n=7 (ZOI=15±6.26 mm) where n is the number of isolates that showed susceptibility and ZOI being the zone of inhibition. Turmeric did not show any antibiotic effect. Conclusion
Therefore, the findings of this study can be used as a baseline for future research and development of novel antibiotics for the treatment of MRSA infections. This will reduce on high costs of healthcare and prolonged hospital stay in the long run resulting from drug resistance.
2023-12-15T00:00:00Z