School of Medicine (Sch. of Med.)
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/5
2024-03-29T10:47:56ZAdherence to radiation protection measures in paediatric imaging with plain x-ray among radiographers at Mulago National Referral Hospital
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11066
Adherence to radiation protection measures in paediatric imaging with plain x-ray among radiographers at Mulago National Referral Hospital
Akugizibwe, Collins; Midari, Awuche
INTRODUCTION; Radiation protection refers to the science and art of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Patient radiation protection is described as all activities directed towards minimizing radiation exposure of patients during ionizing radiation exposures. This involves strict adherence to the three cardinal principles of radiation protection that is Distance, Time and Shielding. Children undergoing these examinations require special attention in terms of radiation protection due to the increased sensitivity and damaging effects of ionizing radiation in their body than in adults.
AIM. To assess if radiographers at the department adhered to the set paediatric patient radiation protection measures.
METHODS AND MATERIALS. A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst radiation workers (radiographers) in radiology department of MNRH. Data was collected using researcher observation checklists and self-administered questionnaires. Collected data was analyzed using Microsoft excel to determine percentages, generate tables, a graph and pie-chart.
RESULTS. Majority of the respondents were males (71.4%) and BMR students (53.6%). The mean age was 21 years, oldest being 36 years and the youngest being 22 years. Majority of the respondents (94.6%) understood paediatric radiation protection, the term CPD and were aware that CPD has an impact on their profession and careers (82.1%), although only one participant had attended a CPD in the previous 6 months. The facility had a radiation safety committee and supervision was carried out. For paediatric patients, 53 (56.4%) were females and 41 (43.6%) were males, the mean age was 8 years with the oldest at 16 years and the youngest at 1 year. The commonest radiological examination requested was chest x-ray, x-ray elbow, x-ray femur and abdominal x-ray.
CONCLUSION; Knowledge and adherence to radiation protection measures was generally good among BMR, DMR students and qualified radiographers.
2021-12-01T00:00:00ZAdherence to the multi-dose Hepatitis B vaccination schedule and factors associated: A case study of Makerere University students
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/10695
Adherence to the multi-dose Hepatitis B vaccination schedule and factors associated: A case study of Makerere University students
Walakira, Joshua Felix; Mutaka, Martin; Murungi, Johnbrebeuf
Background:Adherence to hepatitis B vaccination is a major public health concern. Makerere University students are in a setting that has a high population density, high sexual activity all which influence high spread of hepatitis B yet there was no data on adherence to hepatitis B vaccination among them. This study therefore sought to find data that was lacking on level of adherence to hepatitis B vaccination among Makerere University students and factors associated with adherence which would prove resourceful in developing solutions and a framework into which the university and other stakeholders can come in to bolster the vaccination program. Methods: The research was a mixed method cross sectional study done at Makerere University, Norvik Hospital and Makerere University Health Services. The quantitative and qualitative data was obtained by reviewing hospital records and conducting in-depth interviews respectively. Level of adherence to the second and third dose was analyzed as a proportion of those who received the first dose whiledeductive thematic analysis was used to obtain the factors associated with adherence to the vaccination program. Results: The level of adherence among the Makerere University students was 96.4%and 69.1% for the second and third dose respectively. Thefactors associated with the HBV vaccination werefound to be categorized into personal factors like lack of proper knowledge on the importance of vaccination completion, poor attitude, institutional factors like non-existence of an HBV vaccination policy and health care system factors like patient follow up and cost subsidies.
Conclusions: Adherence to HBV vaccination among Makerere University students was lower than the WHO target of 90% coverage of hepatitis B virus vaccine (third dose) by 2020 though higher than seen in other similar studies.
2020-11-30T00:00:00ZAnalysis of x-ray film reject in diagnostic radiology department at China- Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru (CUFH)
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11050
Analysis of x-ray film reject in diagnostic radiology department at China- Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru (CUFH)
Nabawooya, Hasifah; Mohammed, Mohammed Said
Introduction
Plain x-ray radiographic examination is an integral part of radiology imaging department even in era where computed and digital radiographs are gaining importance. Still in the developing countries about 60% of the radiology department both government and private hospitals, small or even bigger are always equipped with conventional x-ray machines for providing basic radiographic services at low costs. However, it is not uncommon to encounter poor, suboptimal quality radiographs leading to repetition of the films thus increasing the cost to excheqor, more radiation to patients as well as to personnel, more time consuming as well as delay in diagnosis to the patients. Hence, it is the entail to recognize the factor responsible for diagnostically suboptimal radiograph leading to rejection of the radiographic examinations (Usha at el., 2013)
Objective. To determine the causes and rate of x-ray film reject at CUFH and obtain information on how to minimize the reject rate.
Methods. Cross-sectional and descriptive approach was used. Rejected films for all x-ray examinations done at CUFH for a period of one month were sorted and collected for data analysis. The research findings were presented in tables and pie charts giving the breakdown of single cause of rejection.
Results: Analysis has shown that the overall reject rate is 8.4% in approximately 250 exposed films. The main cause for film rejection was found to be poor film processing (33.3%) and inappropriate exposure (under exposure 23.8%). Individual plain X-ray examinations registered chest X-ray examination (33.3%) being the most repeated examination followed by lumber spine X-ray at 23.8%. Frequently used X-ray film size was found to be (35x35) cm size.
Conclusion: Analysis shown the overall reject rate in the X-ray department of CUFH the overall reject rate was 8.4%, which is above the World Health Organization criteria of 5% although, CRCPD’s committee on QA raises reject rates up to 10%. Hence, this justifies continued monitoring of this X-ray department. The main cause being poor film processing was found to be related to the poor manual processing techniques, this can be lowered by introduction of digital film processing as it’s the modern and efficient method widely used in this era.
2021-11-01T00:00:00ZAssessing the antifungal effect of a combination of fluconazole and tithon a diversifolia leaf extract against candida albicans
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11330
Assessing the antifungal effect of a combination of fluconazole and tithon a diversifolia leaf extract against candida albicans
Oonyu, Richard; Nyiiro, Grant; Nadiope, Wilber
Background: Candida albicans remains the most common cause of candidiasis of the 30 species
that have the ability to infect humans. It affects the oral and vaginal mucosa as well disseminated
blood stream and deep tissue infections mainly in the immunocompromised. It’s managed with
azoles, polyene among others but majorly azoles are used because they are relatively cheap, less
toxic and effective, however there are reports of development of resistance to these. combination
therapy is one of the ways to manage these infections. The azoles are currently combined with
amphotericin which is toxic even at therapeutic dose. Tithonia diversifolia leaf extract has
activity against Candida albicans. This study therefore aimed at stems for a need for another
safe, effective drug that can be combined with azoles to reduce development of resistance.
Objectives: To assess the antifungal activity of a combination of ethanolic extract of Tithonia
diversifolia and fluconazole against candida albicans.
Method: The extraction was done by maceration in alcohol 70%, and then evaporation using a
rotary evaporator to obtain the extract, the extract and fluconazole was tested for antifungal
activity using well diffusion method, the MICs were determined by plotting a graph of square of
radius of inhibition against log concentration and the nature of activity of combination was
elucidated by use of FICI equation. The significance of combination using Graphpad prism 8.0.2
Results: The antifungal activities in terms of MICs of Fluconazole, fluconazole in combination,
extract and extract in combination were (0.973, 1.169, 3.774 and 4.073) mg/ml respectively. The
combination showed antagonistic activity as illustrated by the FIC index of 2.28.
There was no significance difference between the effect of combination and fluconazole
(p=0.586, ordinary one-way ANOVA), and combination and extract (p=0.231, ordinary one-way
ANOVA).
Conclusion and recommendation: Fluconazole showed better activity than extract against
candida albicans, however the combination did not show synergistic activity, but rather
antagonistic activity and it’s therefore not recommended for use against Candida albicans., but
rather the extract alone
1
A research project report submitted to the School of Pharmacy in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree of Makerere University.
2020-11-02T00:00:00Z