Characterization of mosquito breeding habitats within Makerere University

Abstract

Mosquito-borne diseases pose major global health challenges, particularly in tropical urban areas where environmental and human factors favor mosquito proliferation. Makerere University provides varied habitats that may support mosquito breeding, but little is known about species diversity, abundance, and habitat associations within the campus. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design during the dry season (February–March 2025) and rainy season (April–May 2025). Field observations, site mapping, and larval collections were conducted in artificial containers, pools, discarded tires, flower pots, leaf axils, and drainage channels. Larvae and pupae were reared to adults and morphologically identified, while data were analyzed using diversity indices, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation. Results indicated that plastic containers (22.22%), discarded tires (19.44%), and flower pots (15.28%) were the dominant breeding sites, emphasizing the role of man-made habitats. Six species from three subfamilies were identified, with Aedes aegypti (47.3%), Culex quinquefasciatus (33.4%), and Aedes albopictus (15.8%) being the most abundant. Habitat type significantly influenced distribution (χ² = 53.14, p = 0.0108), while water physico-chemical parameters showed weak correlations with abundance. Seasonal rainfall strongly affected populations, with higher numbers in the wet season. The findings show that artificial habitats drive mosquito proliferation at Makerere University, with dominant vector species posing considerable health risks. The study recommends integrated vector management, focusing on improved sanitation, habitat reduction, and community participation to limit mosquito breeding and reduce disease transmission