College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and BioSecurity (CoVAB)

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    Assessment of protein digestibility of yellow mealworm in pigs at Geneva Farm Katooke
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kakembo, Fredrick Elishama
    Piggery farming is one the most rapidly growing businesses in Uganda in the past five years both on small and large scale. However this rapid growth is associated with an increased demand of inputs, feeds and their supplements being at the top. Among all feed supplements used, protein supplements are the most important as they contribute to the fast growing of the animal and quality of meat. Currently the most used protein supplements are silver fish and soybeans however which are consumed by humans as well leading to competition, hence making their use in pig farms very expensive reducing the profit margins of farmers and forcing many out of business. This therefore calls for alternative protein sources. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as a complete replacement of soybeans and silver fish in piggery farming. The effects were determined by comparing the protein content on dry matter basis, protein digestibility as well as daily weight gain in pigs. A total of ten 2-months old large white pigs were divided into 3 groups of 4pigs by 3 pigs by 3 pigs and fed on 20% yellow mealworm feed, 20% silver fish feed and 20% soybean feed respectively for a period of 14 days. Their fecal matter was collected and used to determine percentage digestibility. The protein content of yellow mealworm was 42.75% which was slightly lower for silver fish (48.42%) but much higher than that of soybeans (37.94%). The protein digestibility was highest in pigs fed on 20% yellow mealworm feed (92.63±0.64)% which was statistically similar to those fed on silver fish (89.96±0.96)% (p value > 0.05) but significantly different from those fed on soybean which had the lowest protein digestibility of (47.45±2.04)% (p value < 0.05). Average daily weight gain for pigs fed on yellow mealworm (0.443±0.031)kg was slightly lower than those fed on silver fish (0.452±0.037)kg but much higher than those fed on soybeans (0.367±0.461)kg. Thus the study clearly showed that the yellow mealworm can be used to completely substitute silver fish and soybeans in piggery feed rations.
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    Prevalence of Candida Albicans and its associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Zia Angelina Health Center III, Namugongo
    (Makerere University, 2018-07) Legesse, Hailemariam Gangesso
    Introduction: Candida infection of the genital tract is one of the commonest sexually transmitted diseases and the most singular cause of vaginal discharge among pregnant women and also has health effects to the unborn baby. Objectives: The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis and the risk factors associated with infection among pregnant women attending Zia Angelina Health Center III, Namugongo. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between January-March, 2018 among 150 pregnant women in which selection was by subject consent and presence at the clinics. High vaginal swabs (HVS) were taken by inserting a sterile cotton wool swab into the posterior vaginal fornix and rotated gently before withdrawing. The swabs were then inoculated in sterile Czapek Dox enrichment Broth before subculturing on Potato Dextrose Agar. The suspected colonies were confirmed with germ tube test in pooled plasma. The data generated was analyzed using SPSS version 20 to obtain descriptive statistics. Both bivariate and multivariate analysis were done using binary logistic regression to obtain crude Odds Ratio (cOR) and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) respectively of associated risk factors at 95% Confidence Interval. Results: The study showed that 52 (34.7%) while 98 (65.3%) were not infected. The age group of the participants was significantly (p=0.024) associated with vaginal candidiasis with high infection rate among aged 38 to 42 years (100%) while none was infected for those aged above 42 years. The women who wore tight underwear were 3.642 times more likely to be infected compared to those who wore free pants, this was statistically significant (aOR= 3.642, 95% CI= 1.023-12.957, p= 0.046). Furthermore, the study also reported high infection rates among women who took antibiotics were (40.9%) compared to those who didn’t take (29.6%). Conclusions: The fact that vaginal candidiasis is the commonest sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women, this calls for a more radical approach to its management in addition to education of women about health impacts of tight underwear and irrational use of antibiotics without proper medical guidance.
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    Evaluation of the in-vitro acaricidal activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Annona muricata on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
    ( 2018-10) Lutanda, Phillip
    ABSTRACT In Uganda tick-borne diseases (TBD)are responsible for almost 90% of the total disease control costs and over 60% of total farm inputs which is a big loss to farmers and the economy at large and the principal method employed to control TBDs is the use of synthetic acaricides. However botanical herbs are available locally and if evaluated for acaricidal properties, they can be used to control ticks. This study was carried out with the aim of in vitro acaricidal efficacy evaluation of Annona muricata against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The leaves of A. muricata were collected, shade dried and ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained by maceration. The acaricidal activities of crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of A. muricata were assessed against adult R. appendiculatus ticks and R. appendiculatus larval stages using AIT and LPT, respectively. Five concentrations of both crude extracts 1.25%,2.5%,5%,10% and 20% with two replicates for each were used. The mean percentage mortalities of both the adult ticks and larval stages were recorded as well as the mean percentage egg laying inhibition. Both extracts were also screened for the presence of phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthracenosides and anthocyanosides. The results obtained indicated that both extracts at all concentrations had no effect on the larval stages of the ticks when LPT was carried out. For AIT, aqueous extract had no effect on egg laying inhibition as well as mortality at all concentrations. However, despite the fact that the ethanolic extract had no effect on egg laying inhibition, it exhibited mean percentage adult mortalities of 10% and 35% at concentrations of 100mg/ml (10%) and 200mg/ml (20%) respectively. The ethanolic extract contained alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanosides, flavonoids and anthracenosides. However, the aqueous extract contained all the above except anthracenosides but saponins. The ethanolic
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    Stakeholders perceptions of effectiveness of community based animal health workers in Kotido district
    (Makerere University, 2018-10-12) Ongok, George Olanya
    This study aimed at documenting stakeholder perceptions of effectiveness of CAHWs in Kotido district in Karamoja region. It was a qualitative cross-sectional study that targeted the CAHW service consumers (Pastoralists and Kraal leaders) and their supervisors (Veterinarians and CAHW leaders. The various stakeholders in the study had different opinions on the effectiveness of CAHWs in livestock health management in Kotido district. Most of the pastoralists, CAHW leaders and Kraal leaders said the CAHWs are effective in contrary to what the veterinarians in the district local government production department said that the CAHWs are not effective because of limited range of services they offer to the pastoralists either by regulations or limited knowledge about animal health management. The various stakeholders also had different opinions about the quality of services offered by the CAHWs. The pastoralists, CAHW leaders and the kraal leaders said the CAWHs offered good quality services as they are readily available, accessible and affordable to them in AHSD contrary to the DVO and the veterinary officers. A total of 60 pastoralists who were interviewed in the study using semi structured questioners revealed gender inequality in gender roles played in livestock production as most of the respondents were males 90.0% and only 10.0% were females. There was also high demand for the CAHWs as they were rated effective and most of the pastoralists are satisfied with the services of the CAHWs while the rest were not satisfied. The study concluded that there is high demand for the CAHWs, they are effective and provide good quality services to the pastoralist. CAHWs activities are key in animal health in remote areas where there are few veterinarians. Their activities and practices should be closely monitored and improved through conducting regular refresher trainings and training of more CAHWs for better professional development. The government, development agencies and institutions like COVAB should help in designing standard and uniformed training curricula for the CAHWs.
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    A survey on selected dairy products processing plants in Kampala District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019) Turigye, Ainea
    The cross-sectional study was conducted on a survey on selected milk and Dairy products processing plants in Kampala district ,Uganda. Both Qualitative and Quantitave methods were used to collect data from the 4 selected dairy products processing plants. Results revealed that both processing plants produced the following products; Yoghurt, Ice cream, Butter oil and flavoured milk. Results further revealed the range of prices of products from all selected processing plants and were as follows; Yoghurt 1500-2500ml sh.2500, Ice cream 200g ,sh.1500- 2000, Butter oil, 140g sh.10000-13000 and flavoured Milk sackets ranged from sh.1300-1700. Results revealed that all processing plants used these tests to test milk at the reception area, they included Lactometer test, Clot on boiling, Organoleptic test and Resuzurin test. It was concluded that intensive quality control systems would improve production in Dairy products processing plants . Furthermore Milk cooling systems and proper hygiene at Dairy processing plants levels are needed.
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    Assessing the plant and mammalian species diversity and abundance in dichrostachys cinerea invaded and non-invaded areas of Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019) Okia, Lazarus
    Ecosystems supporting biodiversity are declining at an unprecedented rate, mainly being driven by anthropogenic activities. Such disturbances regimes exposes most ecosystems to invasion by either native plants or alien plant species. Dichrostachys cinerea, a native plant in Uganda, has invaded most areas of Queen Elizabeth National Park where it’s causing massive alteration of habitat structure or ecosystem structure of the protected area. A baseline study was therefore undertaken to assess the plant and mammalian species diversity and abundance in Dichrostachys cinerea invaded and non-invaded areas of the park. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were undertaken, with stratified and systematic sampling techniques used to undertake vegetation inventory. Scan sampling observations along 200 by 2km transects were made to assess medium and large sized mammalian diversity and abundance. Statistical analysis of data collected was done using Microsoft word excel, 2013. The results indicate that the diversity of mammals differ significantly between the two strata. Despite having a high Simpsons diversity Index of 0.7163, the Dichrostachys cinerea invaded habitat had a lower number of individuals encountered than the non-invaded site. This is attributed to the variations in vegetation structure between the invaded and non-invaded areas which highly determines the community structure, diversity and abundance of mammals in the different strata. However, other factors such as effects of human activities that were not considered during this study could have an effect on the distribution and abundance of medium and large sized mammals. Finally, the vegetation structure of Dichrostachys cinerea invaded site studied differed significantly from that of the non-invaded study site, with the former having a higher woody density and higher percentage of bare ground than the non-invaded study area.
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    Prevalence of theileria, anaplasma and babesia haemoparasites in cattle and their perceived associated factors in makulubita sub-county, luweero district, central Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-06) Kimuli, Emmanueal
    Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a great portion of livestock production constraints in Uganda, a case in point theileriosis, anaplasmosis and babesiosis. A cross sectional study was carried out to assess the haematological prevalence of Theileria, Anaplasma and Babesia haemoparasites and the perceived associated factors of cattle in Makulubita sub-county, Luweero district, Central Uganda. This was in order to gain insight into the extent of the burden of TBD’s and therefore enable stakeholders design informed solutions. The study covered all the nine parishes of Makulubita sub-county and involved collection of 182 blood samples from coccygeal vein of cattle which was used to make thin blood smears for microscopic examination for TBD parasites. In addition, semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather data relating to perceived factors associated with TBDs. This was done in conjunction with observation to obtain on-site information to verify the management system and structures on the farms that play a role in tick control. The overall prevalence of TBDs was found to be 6.0% with 4.4% Theileria parva, 3.3% Anaplasma marginale, and 1.6% co- infection of T. parva and A. marginale. No Babesia species were detected. There was no significant association observed between the prevalence of any tick-borne disease with age, sex or breed. The ticks collected indicated 98.7% R. appendiculatus, 0.9% R. (Boophilus) decoloratus and 0.4% Amblyomma variagatum. All the farms involved in the study attested to the use acaricide ranging from synthetic pyrethroids, amitraz and co-formulations as a method for tick control. Furthermore 88.9% of the respondents affirmed that they consult a veterinary doctor for advice concerning acaricide use. The study revealed a low prevalence of Tick-Borne Diseases (TBDs) in Makulubita sub-county Luweero district compared to previous studies in Central Uganda. In addition, most of the farmers used advice from veterinary doctors which could have been a significant factor for the low prevalence of TBDs. There is a need for further research in the entire district using more sensitive tests like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in ascertaining the prevalence of TBDs.
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    Prevalence of bacterial isolates in blood cultures and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles at mbale regional referral hospital laboratory
    (Makerere University, 2019-06) Busiku, Shadrack
    The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria identified in blood culture to improve empirical antibiotictherapy .The study was retrospective cross sectional in nature involved review of patients' laboratory records and files at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital Microbiology Laboratory for the period of two years (February 2019-February 2017).Relevant information like age, sex, organism isolated and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were obtained from the patients records. During the two years, 254 blood culture were received from different departments like OPD, ACU, CAS in the Hospital. In a total of 254 blood culture, 19 yielded monomicrobial growth. An incidence of positive blood culture was 7.5%(19/254) that included Gram-positive cocci 78.9%and Gram-negative bacilli 21.1%. The most frequently identified species was staphylococcus aureus 78.9% and Enterobacteriaceace accounted for 21.1% included entrobactor 10.5%, Escherichia coli 5.3% and salmonella typhi was also 5.3%. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration using standard Kirby Bauer's Method. Imipenem showed 100% activity against all isolates. Tetracycline was 100% sensitive against both salmonella and Entrobactor but 0% activity against staphylococcus aureus. High sensitivity was also seen to Tetracycline (100%), oxacillin (100%), Gentimycin (89%). Gentamycin was 77.8%, Nitrofurantoin 66.7%, cefuroxime 60% against staphylococcus auerus. High resistance was seen against ampicillin (100%),Augmentin(100%), Cotrimoxazole(83%). caluvulinic acid (80%). Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to most of antimicrobial agents tested from 0-44.4% sensitivity.It is concluded that staphylococcus auerus is the principal organism responsible for blood stream infection and resistant to most of antimicrobial agents. Imepenem is the effective antimicrobialage
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    Assessing the factors influencing milk production among small scale dairy farmers in Buyana village in Gomba district
    ( 2019-07) Isabirya, Rogers Kanamina
    The dairy industry in Uganda contributes to about 9% of the country’s GDP and the dairy sector contributes to the nutritional, economic and employment opportunities of the rural communities with dairy farming being a major activity in the south western, central and North Eastern parts of the country. The aim of this study was to establish the factors influencing milk production among small scale dairy farmers in Buyana village. During this survey, data was collecting questionnaires, interviews and observations and all home steeds that were engaged in small scale dairy production were considered. In this study factors like animal breeds, age of the farmers, information accessibility and poor infrastructures were some of the major factors influencing milk production among small scale dairy farmers in the area. The study showed that females aged 36-45 years dominated the business, 40% of the farmers had an educational level of primary and below, 70% of the respondents were married and that 71.7 of the animals reared were crosses. I recommend that farmers should adopt other simple favorable methods of dairy farming. The government should therefore provide more extension services to the small scale dairy farmers.
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    Evaluation of acute oral and sub-acute dermal toxicity of tick burn spray in mice and rats
    ( 2019-07) Kilama, Justine
    Existence of multi-acaricide resistant ticks in the south-western cattle corridor of Uganda has created windows for introduction of plethora of illicit chemicals for tick control including Tick Burn Spray (TBS). The dilemma with TBS ranges from debatable labels on its bottle (70mg/ml chlorpy and 20g/ml cypermethrin), absence on NDA catalogue to its unknown safety to livestock and/ livestock products and humans. This study aimed at investigating the active ingredients of TBS, as well as determination of acute oral and sub-acute dermal toxicity of TBS in mice and rats. Chemical analysis using in-house Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) discovered presence of 45% w/v metrifonate in TBS. In acute toxicity, 24 young adult mice divided equally into five treatment groups were exposed orally to 1ml of ascending doses of TBS with the aid of gavage tube. The main toxidrome shown by all exposed mice groups were ataxia, gait and posture abnormalities, respiratory disorder, increased salivation, urination, defecation, lacrimation, piloerection, tremors, convulsions, and subsequently death. Probit analysis revealed oral LD50 of TBS in mice to be 9.35 mg/kg at a standard error (S.E) of 0.44 mg/kg with 95% confidence interval. For sub-acute toxicity, a group of 12 rats were dermally exposed to 4mls of 5.625mg/ml of TBS for 21 days at 5 days intervals. Histopathological investigations indicated hepatic vacuolar degeneration (80%), perivascular necrosis (60%), splenic hemosiderosis (70%), and thickening of alveolar septa in the lungs (100%). Hematological findings discovered significant (p-value=0.01) average increase in the red blood cell counts from 8015000/µL in control group to 8490000/µL in the treatment group. Liver function tests also showed significant average increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase from 67.0 U/L to 158.5 U/L and, aspartate aminotransferase from 155.0 U/L to 272.0 U/L in treatment groups. The findings of kidney function test showed a p-value=0.01, average decreases in the plasma level of sodium ions from 140.5 to 128.5 mEq/L and chloride ions from 99.3 to 92.4 mEq/L in the treatment groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicates that the active substance (metrifonate) present in Tick Burn Spray is highly toxic to the liver, lungs and the spleen of the rats, and hence its usage may potentially be detrimental to the health of humans, livestock and environment. Therefore, national vigilance criteria and policy should be set for the public to restrict, identify, report and prohibit usage of illicit, smuggled, non-registered acaricides, or agrochemicals. Further trials should be conducted to ascertain the chronic toxicity of this product on livestock.
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    Intravenous ketamine-xylazine anesthesia through intermittent bolus infusion for surgical suitability in mongrels
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Opok, Yasin
    An experimental study aimed at finding physiological effects, optimal dosage regimen, and assessing surgical operation suitability was organized in 4 females and 4 males’ mongrels using ketamine – xylazine combination. It was planned into 2 phases; the first was to obtain physiological effects and optimal dosage regimen and the second to achieve surgical operation’s suitability by carrying out ovariohysterectomy, enterotomy, gastrotomy and femoral fracture repair. In phase one, dogs were organized into protocol A, B, C each protocol having 1 male and 1 female dogs with varying dosage regimen. A (5 mg/kg ketamine and 2 mg/kg xylazine; 1.25 mg/kg ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine) B, (2 mg/kg ketamine and 1mg/kg xylazine; 3.333 mg/kg ketamine and 0.333 mg/kg xylazine) C, (22 mg/kg ketamine administered to effect and 1.1mg/kg xylazine as a bolus before ketamine; 5.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.55 mg/kg xylazine) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, respectively. In phase 2, the same dogs were grouped into W, X, Y with additional 2 dogs which were not used in phase 1. W, had 2 female dogs for ovariohysterectomy; X, had 1 male and 1 female dogs for gastrotomy and enterotomy, Y had 1 male and 1 female dogs for femoral fracture repair. All dogs exhibited a non-significant increase in rectal temperature. Protocol A and B showed a non-significant decrease in heart rate while C had an increase. Dysrhythmia, bradycardia was also noted. Respiratory rate decreased in all protocols. Pedal reflex was of grade 0. Anesthesia was adequate with quick onset in all protocols; smooth induction, recovery with no salivation and convulsion in A and B while C showed convulsion signs. Palpebral reflex remained sluggish. Protocol A had comparatively better results to B and C. 1 dog died from protocol B at 107th minutes. Protocol A was the most suitable for surgical operations. However, this study did not cater for effects in other breeds of dogs, biochemical and hematological parameters.
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    Farmer factors affecting the use and performance of artificial insemination among selected dairy farms in and around kigarama sub-county, sheema district, western Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Ahisibwe, James
    A cross sectional study was conducted in Kigarama sub county Sheema district, Western Uganda to determine farmer factors affecting the use and performance of AI among dairy farms. It mainly focused on the area extension workers, AI technicians and the dairy farmers. A total of 50 farms were selected using both the sampling method and the criterion of the farm producing at least 5 litres per day. On the other, all extension workers were selected and included 2 AI technicians and 2 veterinary officers. The study was to profile the current performance of AI using conception rate alongside the associated factors and to determine the constraints faced by dairy farmers. AI use was found to be 26% and it was associated with age of a farmer, availability and use of extension services and cattle ownership (P<0.05). However, there was no relationship between use of AI with breed of the animal, education of the farmer, occupation and period of keeping animals (experience) (P>0.05). The performance of AI was at 2 SC-1 due to mainly the farmer’s ability to detect heat early, time of insemination and finally quality of AI service and semen used. A great number of farmers admitted knowing that borrowed bulls may bring in diseases to the farm but continued with the practice. It was also noted that AI technicians lacked current techniques, as they had never been retrained.
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    Prevalence of hepatitis b and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Buhinga Hospital
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Mukabaliisa, Patience
    Background: Viral hepatitis is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. HBV infected mothers during pregnancy are at a high risk of transmission to the new born. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) there are very few studies of HBV infection among pregnant women despite the highest burden of HBV which has existed. Earlier, it was revealed that sub-Saharan Africa is second with the largest population of chronic carriers HBV infection after Asia, estimated to be about 50millions according to Burnett et al., (2005), followed by western pacific, hence a high risk of developing life-threatening liver disease Aim: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis Band associated factors in pregnant women attending antenatal care at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital.Methods: A cross sectional study was performed at the antennal unit within FPRRH between anuary-March. Data was collected using questionnaires to assess factors predisposing pregnant women to HBV. Rapid chromatographic immune assay for detection of HBsAg of HBVwas used to detect the HBV statuses of the participants. Data was analysed using STATA to get the prevalence and calculate the association of factors. Results: Among 299participants, 6 (2%) had HBV. The most represented age-group was 16-24years(54.8%). 64.6% of the women were married and 35.4% single. Statistically significant factors were; refugee status (OR 53, 95%CI 2.29-137.82, p value =0.013) refugees vs non-refugees among the single women (table 3), blood transfusion(OR 103 95%CI 3.44-1087.06, p value = 0.008) those who have had it vs those who have not yet, amongst the single women (table 3). Conclusion and recommendation: HBV is low among pregnant women attending antenatal care at FPRRH as compared with all the other regions of Uganda besides the south-west (0.8%) (UPHIA, 2016). Hepatitis B within the region is not an immediate threat to pregnant women within the region as shown by the prevalence. Young women/girls (16-24 years) are more likely to become pregnant yet by that age school is mandatory. Majority of the women depend on the husband as bread-winners since most of them are housewives.Government and development partners in health need to pay special attention to the factors that predispose the women to HBV so as to tackle the problem in the future. There is a need to urgently introduce
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    Determining the antibacterial activity of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) seed extracts on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Lunkuse, Jesca Medrine
    Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known as Okra, is traditionally used in the treatment of cuts, wounds and boils. In this study, the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the seeds of Okra was determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Airdried, pulverized samples of Okra seeds were separately extracted using 70% analytical grade ethanol and distilled water, respectively. 500mg of the concentrated crude extract were separately dissolved in 1ml of dimethylsulfoxide to obtain ethanolic and aqueous test samples which were compared against 250mg/ml ciprofloxacin as a positive control. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined using agar-well diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar on which Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate was surface-spread. The diameter of the inhibition zone was compared to the positive control and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was determined. The isolates of P. aeruginosa were highly sensitive to the positive control, ciprofloxacin, with inhibition zone diameter of 44mm (significantly higher than ≥21mm) whereas they were only partially sensitive to both the ethanol and aqueous extracts, with inhibition zones of 14mm and 10mm diameter, respectively. The results of this study showed that Abelmoschus esculentus seed extracts are not effective for use against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as there sensitivity was very low compared to standard or positive control, ciprofloxacin.
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    Socio-economic factors of dairy cattle keeping in the per-urban areas of Wakiso and Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Katende, Emmanuel
    Small scale and medium dairy production is becoming more recognised by the urban and peri-urban dwellers as a very important source of income. This study investigated the social economic factors of dairy farming in the peri-urban areas of Kampala and Wakiso districts in the central region of Uganda. Specifically, it examined the major reasons for possession of dairy animals, gender roles in animal management and decision-making process. The study also examined the major challenges facing dairy enterprises in the study areas. The study employed qualitative methods of data collection to study 70 dairy farmers. A cross sectional survey was used to sample and administer pre-tested questionnaires to 70 dairy farmers in the study areas. Data were analysed using the SPSS data analysis software. The major reasons for possession of dairy animals were: love for animals and money to supplement family income (27.4%) especially among Kampala farmers, money to supplement household income (21.4%), livelihood (18.6%), and hobby or love (15.7%) animals whereas need for fresh milk for the family was the least reason for possession of dairy animals. The major challenges facing dairy farmers in the study areas were; diseases (18.9%), shortage of fee (17.9%), shortage of reliable labour (10.2%), low fertility (8.1%), insufficient space (6.9%), city authorities (5.8%), and veterinary services (5.5%). Hired labour was the main source of labour in management of the animals (66%), men (12%), women (8.5%) and boy child (5.8%) while 7.7% of the labour was provided by the different combinations of different efforts. Men dominated decisions of animals selling (52.9%), equally decided on milk sell with women (44.3%) and decided least (24.4%) on milk for home consumption. The women (30%) decided on selling animals, 44.3% selling milk and 72.9% of milk for home consumption. Joint decisions taken by both men and women together were 17.1% selling of the animals, milk and milk for home consumption. Other family members had limited decision making regarding selling of the animals, 1.4% selling and also 1.4% in milk for home consumption. The dairy enterprise was found to be an important venture with great potential to contribute on alleviation of poverty, employment generation, supplementing household incomes as well as food security. It is recommended that technical and institution involvement is required to turn round the identified challenges and gaps in dairy enterprise in the study areas in order to improve dairy production.
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    Anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extract Of Allium Sativum against archived Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus Aureus
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Kalema, Leymon
    This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of A. sativum on S. typhi and S. aureus. This cross-sectional evaluation was carried out in the microbiology laboratory Mulago, between April and July 2019. Samples of A. sativum were obtained from a local market. It was thoroughly, cleaned, and peeled sterilized with ethanol and then washed with clean water. Standard isolates of S. typhi and S. aureus obtained from an archive in Mulago Hospital were cultured on Mueller Hinton agar. Ethanolic extract of A. sativum was prepared using mortar and pestle for grinding and muslin cloth was used to obtain the liquid part of the extract, after which the extract was taken to oven to evaporate ethanol, and put into the rotary evaporator to remove the remaining water then the stock concentration was made. The antibacterial activity of A. sativum was tested on S. typhi and S. aureus using agar well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plates, MIC and MBC. The diameters of Inhibition zones of growth were measured in millimeter (mm), the dilution of 1:0 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms with 39mm on S. aureus and 28mm on S. typhi. And for MIC, a higher concentration of the 50mg/ml A. sativum extract was required to inhibit the growth of S. typhi and S. aureus and the least concentration that followed dilution of extract that inhibited bacterial growth was 25mg/ml. Minimum bactericidal concentration, the plates that cultured test tubes 1 to 2, showed no bacterial growth while plate used for culturing test tube 3 showed pure growth for S. aureus and for S. typhi all plates showed no bacterial growth this indicated that the concentration needed for killing Gram-positive (S. aureus) was 100mg/ml and that of Gram-negative was 50mg/ml.
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    Prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal helminths in goats in Kihungya Sub-County Buliisa District
    ( 2019-07) Katusiime, Phiona
    Small ruminants are a major source for cash for many rural populations especially in semi-arid and arid regions of developing countries. The contribution of small ruminants would be greater if it was not due to diseases . Among them is gastrointestinal helminths, which often cause chronic infestations leading to economic losses. Humans also tend to be victims of some of the helminths like fasciola, teania species and many other zoonotic parasites. A cross sectional study was done in January 2019 to determine the prevalence,and risk factors of gastrointestinal helminths in goats in Kihungya subcounty, Buliisa district. A total of 100 fecal samples from (Male and female goats) were examined for helminths eggs. Fresh faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum with a gloved hand and placed in fecal collection bags, with 10% formalin , labelled and were transported to Makerere university parasitology laboratory. Sedimentation and Floatation techniques were done to identify helminth eggs. Questionnaires were also used to obtain information related to the transmission and spread of gastrointestinal helminths. The individual animal prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was found to be 90% and herd prevalence was 100%. Strongyles (Trichostrongyloidea, Oxuroidea,Spiruroidea and Trichuroidea) were the most prevalent family followed by the ascarids. The prevalence was higher in younger goats , goats with poor body condition and goats with watery feaces. It can be concluded from this study that nematode infections are the most prevalent and that farmers should be advised to do tactical deworming to combat helminthosis in their goats.
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    Assessment of the factors leading to mortality in chicks of two weeks old in selected farms of Mukono District
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Ofungi, Joyna
    The aim of the study was to assess the factors that lead to mortality rate of chicks in Mukono district from the local perspective. This study employed a survey research design using majorly qualitative method of data collection. The sample size comprised of poultry commercial farmers who were 11 in number. Data from the poultry famers was collected by the use of interview guides and content analysis was employed to analyzed the data The study showed that overcrowding of the chicks in the corners of brooder rooms 30%; inappropriate brooding temperatures 25.6% were the major factors leading to mortality in chicks’ others included poor breed of parent stock 18% and diseases 12% which affect the chicks in their early stages of life in Mukono district. The extension staff should educate farmers on how to brooder chicks to avoid high mortality in early stages of life and they should also train them on proper management during brooding.
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    Comparative efficacy of skimmed cow milk and soymilk based extenders on sperm viability for cryopreservation of bull semen
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Uwizeyimana, Marie Josee
    Maintaining a successful artificial insemination program depends on a number of factors, including evaluation of semen characteristics. The quality of preserved semen depends on several factors but dilution of sperms in a suitable extender is one of the important factors affecting sperm survival during preservation. Components of animal origin may also present a potential microbiological risk compromising the quality of preserved semen and standardization. This study compared the efficacy of soya milk and skimmed milk based extenders on the sperm motility and live sperm concentration of bull semen at different storage conditions before and after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. This could be an alternative to replace the components of animal's origin in semen extenders. During this study, semen samples were collected from 3 mature healthy exotic bulls within a reproductive age and having proper nutrition using an artificial vagina and analysis done using computer aided semen analysis (CASA). The semen samples were diluted using the two extenders and then kept in the fridge at 4oC for 2 hours before packaging. Refrigerated semen was also evaluated for the above parameters before cryopreservation. Overall, percent motility was relatively higher for all the study bulls (above 70%). All the samples exhibited a live percentage of over 80% immediately after collection. In the present study, satisfactory sperm quality parameters were sustained in semen diluted with both extenders for the study period, immediately after refrigeration, freezing and cryopreservation with relatively better results in soya milk extender compared to skimmed milk. The results of statistical analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the efficacy of soya milk and skimmed milk extenders (p<0.05). There was also no difference in the semen parameters when observed over the period of four days
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    Porcine cysticercosis : Prevalence at Ediofe pig slaughter slabs and its risk factors at Pajulu Sub-County Arua District
    ( 2019-07) Agopiyo, Emmanuel
    Porcine cysticercosis is an important zoonosis in many developing countries. Cysticercosis poses a serious public health risk and causes economic losses to pig production/ pig farmers. There was no available data on the prevalence and risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis at Ediofe pig slaughter slabs and Pajulu Sub-county respectively. This was a cross-sectional study that aimed at determining the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis based on macroscopic meat inspection at slaughter at Ediofe slaughter slabs and risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in Pajulu Sub-county, Arua District. The study aimed at determining the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis at slaughter at Ediofe pig slaughter slabs and risk factors inPajulu Sub-county. A total of 64 pigs were examined for Cysticercus cysts at ante-mortem and postmortem at Ediofe pig slaughter slabs. The risk factors for occurrence of porcine cysticercosis was assessed and evaluated through semi structured questionnaires, interviews and by direct observation in homesteads in selected villages of Pajulu Sub-county. Of the 64 pigs inspected at ante-mortem and postmortem 03 had cysticerci giving a percentage of 4.69% of the inspected pigs. The cysts were found under the tongue, thoracic wall and in the gluteal muscles. Pig Husbandry was observed to be a factor as 80% of the farmers tethered their pigs, 89% kept pigs at a distance of about 10 metres for safety reasons, 80% of the farmers fed pigs on vegetation where contamination of vegetation/vegetables with Teania solium eggs was a possibility, 88% of the farmers did not provide water for their pigs, Latrine coverage was found to be lacking in some sections of the communities as 28% respondents and their 24% neighbours did not have latrines, Veterinary attention like deworming was lacking in some communities as 76% admitted they did not deworm their pigs, Slaughter of pigs in un-gazetted areas where meat inspection was not carried out was common, 80% slaughters were done within the villages without any inspection, 63% of the respondents stated there was no inspection of pork done before pork was taken for sale in the markets and knowledge about Cysticercosis in pigs was also lacking in some communities as 72% were not aware that Cysticercosis infection occurs in pork. The prevalence was 4.69% and there was traditional husbandry system practiced characterized by tethering and scavenging, inadequate pit latrine coverage, illegal slaughter places were used for slaughter of pigs, inadequate pork inspection services were registered, inadequate veterinary attention and inadequate knowledge about cysticercosis was registered in Pajulu Sub-county.