Academic submissions (CoVAB)

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    Assessment of protein digestibility of yellow mealworm in pigs at Geneva Farm Katooke
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kakembo, Fredrick Elishama
    Piggery farming is one the most rapidly growing businesses in Uganda in the past five years both on small and large scale. However this rapid growth is associated with an increased demand of inputs, feeds and their supplements being at the top. Among all feed supplements used, protein supplements are the most important as they contribute to the fast growing of the animal and quality of meat. Currently the most used protein supplements are silver fish and soybeans however which are consumed by humans as well leading to competition, hence making their use in pig farms very expensive reducing the profit margins of farmers and forcing many out of business. This therefore calls for alternative protein sources. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as a complete replacement of soybeans and silver fish in piggery farming. The effects were determined by comparing the protein content on dry matter basis, protein digestibility as well as daily weight gain in pigs. A total of ten 2-months old large white pigs were divided into 3 groups of 4pigs by 3 pigs by 3 pigs and fed on 20% yellow mealworm feed, 20% silver fish feed and 20% soybean feed respectively for a period of 14 days. Their fecal matter was collected and used to determine percentage digestibility. The protein content of yellow mealworm was 42.75% which was slightly lower for silver fish (48.42%) but much higher than that of soybeans (37.94%). The protein digestibility was highest in pigs fed on 20% yellow mealworm feed (92.63±0.64)% which was statistically similar to those fed on silver fish (89.96±0.96)% (p value > 0.05) but significantly different from those fed on soybean which had the lowest protein digestibility of (47.45±2.04)% (p value < 0.05). Average daily weight gain for pigs fed on yellow mealworm (0.443±0.031)kg was slightly lower than those fed on silver fish (0.452±0.037)kg but much higher than those fed on soybeans (0.367±0.461)kg. Thus the study clearly showed that the yellow mealworm can be used to completely substitute silver fish and soybeans in piggery feed rations.
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    Evaluation of the in-vitro acaricidal activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Annona muricata on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
    ( 2018-10) Lutanda, Phillip
    ABSTRACT In Uganda tick-borne diseases (TBD)are responsible for almost 90% of the total disease control costs and over 60% of total farm inputs which is a big loss to farmers and the economy at large and the principal method employed to control TBDs is the use of synthetic acaricides. However botanical herbs are available locally and if evaluated for acaricidal properties, they can be used to control ticks. This study was carried out with the aim of in vitro acaricidal efficacy evaluation of Annona muricata against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The leaves of A. muricata were collected, shade dried and ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained by maceration. The acaricidal activities of crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of A. muricata were assessed against adult R. appendiculatus ticks and R. appendiculatus larval stages using AIT and LPT, respectively. Five concentrations of both crude extracts 1.25%,2.5%,5%,10% and 20% with two replicates for each were used. The mean percentage mortalities of both the adult ticks and larval stages were recorded as well as the mean percentage egg laying inhibition. Both extracts were also screened for the presence of phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthracenosides and anthocyanosides. The results obtained indicated that both extracts at all concentrations had no effect on the larval stages of the ticks when LPT was carried out. For AIT, aqueous extract had no effect on egg laying inhibition as well as mortality at all concentrations. However, despite the fact that the ethanolic extract had no effect on egg laying inhibition, it exhibited mean percentage adult mortalities of 10% and 35% at concentrations of 100mg/ml (10%) and 200mg/ml (20%) respectively. The ethanolic extract contained alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanosides, flavonoids and anthracenosides. However, the aqueous extract contained all the above except anthracenosides but saponins. The ethanolic
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    A survey on selected dairy products processing plants in Kampala District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019) Turigye, Ainea
    The cross-sectional study was conducted on a survey on selected milk and Dairy products processing plants in Kampala district ,Uganda. Both Qualitative and Quantitave methods were used to collect data from the 4 selected dairy products processing plants. Results revealed that both processing plants produced the following products; Yoghurt, Ice cream, Butter oil and flavoured milk. Results further revealed the range of prices of products from all selected processing plants and were as follows; Yoghurt 1500-2500ml sh.2500, Ice cream 200g ,sh.1500- 2000, Butter oil, 140g sh.10000-13000 and flavoured Milk sackets ranged from sh.1300-1700. Results revealed that all processing plants used these tests to test milk at the reception area, they included Lactometer test, Clot on boiling, Organoleptic test and Resuzurin test. It was concluded that intensive quality control systems would improve production in Dairy products processing plants . Furthermore Milk cooling systems and proper hygiene at Dairy processing plants levels are needed.
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    Prevalence of theileria, anaplasma and babesia haemoparasites in cattle and their perceived associated factors in makulubita sub-county, luweero district, central Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-06) Kimuli, Emmanueal
    Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a great portion of livestock production constraints in Uganda, a case in point theileriosis, anaplasmosis and babesiosis. A cross sectional study was carried out to assess the haematological prevalence of Theileria, Anaplasma and Babesia haemoparasites and the perceived associated factors of cattle in Makulubita sub-county, Luweero district, Central Uganda. This was in order to gain insight into the extent of the burden of TBD’s and therefore enable stakeholders design informed solutions. The study covered all the nine parishes of Makulubita sub-county and involved collection of 182 blood samples from coccygeal vein of cattle which was used to make thin blood smears for microscopic examination for TBD parasites. In addition, semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather data relating to perceived factors associated with TBDs. This was done in conjunction with observation to obtain on-site information to verify the management system and structures on the farms that play a role in tick control. The overall prevalence of TBDs was found to be 6.0% with 4.4% Theileria parva, 3.3% Anaplasma marginale, and 1.6% co- infection of T. parva and A. marginale. No Babesia species were detected. There was no significant association observed between the prevalence of any tick-borne disease with age, sex or breed. The ticks collected indicated 98.7% R. appendiculatus, 0.9% R. (Boophilus) decoloratus and 0.4% Amblyomma variagatum. All the farms involved in the study attested to the use acaricide ranging from synthetic pyrethroids, amitraz and co-formulations as a method for tick control. Furthermore 88.9% of the respondents affirmed that they consult a veterinary doctor for advice concerning acaricide use. The study revealed a low prevalence of Tick-Borne Diseases (TBDs) in Makulubita sub-county Luweero district compared to previous studies in Central Uganda. In addition, most of the farmers used advice from veterinary doctors which could have been a significant factor for the low prevalence of TBDs. There is a need for further research in the entire district using more sensitive tests like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in ascertaining the prevalence of TBDs.
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    Prevalence of bacterial isolates in blood cultures and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles at mbale regional referral hospital laboratory
    (Makerere University, 2019-06) Busiku, Shadrack
    The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria identified in blood culture to improve empirical antibiotictherapy .The study was retrospective cross sectional in nature involved review of patients' laboratory records and files at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital Microbiology Laboratory for the period of two years (February 2019-February 2017).Relevant information like age, sex, organism isolated and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were obtained from the patients records. During the two years, 254 blood culture were received from different departments like OPD, ACU, CAS in the Hospital. In a total of 254 blood culture, 19 yielded monomicrobial growth. An incidence of positive blood culture was 7.5%(19/254) that included Gram-positive cocci 78.9%and Gram-negative bacilli 21.1%. The most frequently identified species was staphylococcus aureus 78.9% and Enterobacteriaceace accounted for 21.1% included entrobactor 10.5%, Escherichia coli 5.3% and salmonella typhi was also 5.3%. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration using standard Kirby Bauer's Method. Imipenem showed 100% activity against all isolates. Tetracycline was 100% sensitive against both salmonella and Entrobactor but 0% activity against staphylococcus aureus. High sensitivity was also seen to Tetracycline (100%), oxacillin (100%), Gentimycin (89%). Gentamycin was 77.8%, Nitrofurantoin 66.7%, cefuroxime 60% against staphylococcus auerus. High resistance was seen against ampicillin (100%),Augmentin(100%), Cotrimoxazole(83%). caluvulinic acid (80%). Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to most of antimicrobial agents tested from 0-44.4% sensitivity.It is concluded that staphylococcus auerus is the principal organism responsible for blood stream infection and resistant to most of antimicrobial agents. Imepenem is the effective antimicrobialage
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    Assessing the factors influencing milk production among small scale dairy farmers in Buyana village in Gomba district
    ( 2019-07) Isabirya, Rogers Kanamina
    The dairy industry in Uganda contributes to about 9% of the country’s GDP and the dairy sector contributes to the nutritional, economic and employment opportunities of the rural communities with dairy farming being a major activity in the south western, central and North Eastern parts of the country. The aim of this study was to establish the factors influencing milk production among small scale dairy farmers in Buyana village. During this survey, data was collecting questionnaires, interviews and observations and all home steeds that were engaged in small scale dairy production were considered. In this study factors like animal breeds, age of the farmers, information accessibility and poor infrastructures were some of the major factors influencing milk production among small scale dairy farmers in the area. The study showed that females aged 36-45 years dominated the business, 40% of the farmers had an educational level of primary and below, 70% of the respondents were married and that 71.7 of the animals reared were crosses. I recommend that farmers should adopt other simple favorable methods of dairy farming. The government should therefore provide more extension services to the small scale dairy farmers.
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    Evaluation of acute oral and sub-acute dermal toxicity of tick burn spray in mice and rats
    ( 2019-07) Kilama, Justine
    Existence of multi-acaricide resistant ticks in the south-western cattle corridor of Uganda has created windows for introduction of plethora of illicit chemicals for tick control including Tick Burn Spray (TBS). The dilemma with TBS ranges from debatable labels on its bottle (70mg/ml chlorpy and 20g/ml cypermethrin), absence on NDA catalogue to its unknown safety to livestock and/ livestock products and humans. This study aimed at investigating the active ingredients of TBS, as well as determination of acute oral and sub-acute dermal toxicity of TBS in mice and rats. Chemical analysis using in-house Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) discovered presence of 45% w/v metrifonate in TBS. In acute toxicity, 24 young adult mice divided equally into five treatment groups were exposed orally to 1ml of ascending doses of TBS with the aid of gavage tube. The main toxidrome shown by all exposed mice groups were ataxia, gait and posture abnormalities, respiratory disorder, increased salivation, urination, defecation, lacrimation, piloerection, tremors, convulsions, and subsequently death. Probit analysis revealed oral LD50 of TBS in mice to be 9.35 mg/kg at a standard error (S.E) of 0.44 mg/kg with 95% confidence interval. For sub-acute toxicity, a group of 12 rats were dermally exposed to 4mls of 5.625mg/ml of TBS for 21 days at 5 days intervals. Histopathological investigations indicated hepatic vacuolar degeneration (80%), perivascular necrosis (60%), splenic hemosiderosis (70%), and thickening of alveolar septa in the lungs (100%). Hematological findings discovered significant (p-value=0.01) average increase in the red blood cell counts from 8015000/µL in control group to 8490000/µL in the treatment group. Liver function tests also showed significant average increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase from 67.0 U/L to 158.5 U/L and, aspartate aminotransferase from 155.0 U/L to 272.0 U/L in treatment groups. The findings of kidney function test showed a p-value=0.01, average decreases in the plasma level of sodium ions from 140.5 to 128.5 mEq/L and chloride ions from 99.3 to 92.4 mEq/L in the treatment groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicates that the active substance (metrifonate) present in Tick Burn Spray is highly toxic to the liver, lungs and the spleen of the rats, and hence its usage may potentially be detrimental to the health of humans, livestock and environment. Therefore, national vigilance criteria and policy should be set for the public to restrict, identify, report and prohibit usage of illicit, smuggled, non-registered acaricides, or agrochemicals. Further trials should be conducted to ascertain the chronic toxicity of this product on livestock.
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    Intravenous ketamine-xylazine anesthesia through intermittent bolus infusion for surgical suitability in mongrels
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Opok, Yasin
    An experimental study aimed at finding physiological effects, optimal dosage regimen, and assessing surgical operation suitability was organized in 4 females and 4 males’ mongrels using ketamine – xylazine combination. It was planned into 2 phases; the first was to obtain physiological effects and optimal dosage regimen and the second to achieve surgical operation’s suitability by carrying out ovariohysterectomy, enterotomy, gastrotomy and femoral fracture repair. In phase one, dogs were organized into protocol A, B, C each protocol having 1 male and 1 female dogs with varying dosage regimen. A (5 mg/kg ketamine and 2 mg/kg xylazine; 1.25 mg/kg ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine) B, (2 mg/kg ketamine and 1mg/kg xylazine; 3.333 mg/kg ketamine and 0.333 mg/kg xylazine) C, (22 mg/kg ketamine administered to effect and 1.1mg/kg xylazine as a bolus before ketamine; 5.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.55 mg/kg xylazine) for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, respectively. In phase 2, the same dogs were grouped into W, X, Y with additional 2 dogs which were not used in phase 1. W, had 2 female dogs for ovariohysterectomy; X, had 1 male and 1 female dogs for gastrotomy and enterotomy, Y had 1 male and 1 female dogs for femoral fracture repair. All dogs exhibited a non-significant increase in rectal temperature. Protocol A and B showed a non-significant decrease in heart rate while C had an increase. Dysrhythmia, bradycardia was also noted. Respiratory rate decreased in all protocols. Pedal reflex was of grade 0. Anesthesia was adequate with quick onset in all protocols; smooth induction, recovery with no salivation and convulsion in A and B while C showed convulsion signs. Palpebral reflex remained sluggish. Protocol A had comparatively better results to B and C. 1 dog died from protocol B at 107th minutes. Protocol A was the most suitable for surgical operations. However, this study did not cater for effects in other breeds of dogs, biochemical and hematological parameters.
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    Farmer factors affecting the use and performance of artificial insemination among selected dairy farms in and around kigarama sub-county, sheema district, western Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Ahisibwe, James
    A cross sectional study was conducted in Kigarama sub county Sheema district, Western Uganda to determine farmer factors affecting the use and performance of AI among dairy farms. It mainly focused on the area extension workers, AI technicians and the dairy farmers. A total of 50 farms were selected using both the sampling method and the criterion of the farm producing at least 5 litres per day. On the other, all extension workers were selected and included 2 AI technicians and 2 veterinary officers. The study was to profile the current performance of AI using conception rate alongside the associated factors and to determine the constraints faced by dairy farmers. AI use was found to be 26% and it was associated with age of a farmer, availability and use of extension services and cattle ownership (P<0.05). However, there was no relationship between use of AI with breed of the animal, education of the farmer, occupation and period of keeping animals (experience) (P>0.05). The performance of AI was at 2 SC-1 due to mainly the farmer’s ability to detect heat early, time of insemination and finally quality of AI service and semen used. A great number of farmers admitted knowing that borrowed bulls may bring in diseases to the farm but continued with the practice. It was also noted that AI technicians lacked current techniques, as they had never been retrained.
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    Socio-economic factors of dairy cattle keeping in the per-urban areas of Wakiso and Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Katende, Emmanuel
    Small scale and medium dairy production is becoming more recognised by the urban and peri-urban dwellers as a very important source of income. This study investigated the social economic factors of dairy farming in the peri-urban areas of Kampala and Wakiso districts in the central region of Uganda. Specifically, it examined the major reasons for possession of dairy animals, gender roles in animal management and decision-making process. The study also examined the major challenges facing dairy enterprises in the study areas. The study employed qualitative methods of data collection to study 70 dairy farmers. A cross sectional survey was used to sample and administer pre-tested questionnaires to 70 dairy farmers in the study areas. Data were analysed using the SPSS data analysis software. The major reasons for possession of dairy animals were: love for animals and money to supplement family income (27.4%) especially among Kampala farmers, money to supplement household income (21.4%), livelihood (18.6%), and hobby or love (15.7%) animals whereas need for fresh milk for the family was the least reason for possession of dairy animals. The major challenges facing dairy farmers in the study areas were; diseases (18.9%), shortage of fee (17.9%), shortage of reliable labour (10.2%), low fertility (8.1%), insufficient space (6.9%), city authorities (5.8%), and veterinary services (5.5%). Hired labour was the main source of labour in management of the animals (66%), men (12%), women (8.5%) and boy child (5.8%) while 7.7% of the labour was provided by the different combinations of different efforts. Men dominated decisions of animals selling (52.9%), equally decided on milk sell with women (44.3%) and decided least (24.4%) on milk for home consumption. The women (30%) decided on selling animals, 44.3% selling milk and 72.9% of milk for home consumption. Joint decisions taken by both men and women together were 17.1% selling of the animals, milk and milk for home consumption. Other family members had limited decision making regarding selling of the animals, 1.4% selling and also 1.4% in milk for home consumption. The dairy enterprise was found to be an important venture with great potential to contribute on alleviation of poverty, employment generation, supplementing household incomes as well as food security. It is recommended that technical and institution involvement is required to turn round the identified challenges and gaps in dairy enterprise in the study areas in order to improve dairy production.
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    Assessment of the factors leading to mortality in chicks of two weeks old in selected farms of Mukono District
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Ofungi, Joyna
    The aim of the study was to assess the factors that lead to mortality rate of chicks in Mukono district from the local perspective. This study employed a survey research design using majorly qualitative method of data collection. The sample size comprised of poultry commercial farmers who were 11 in number. Data from the poultry famers was collected by the use of interview guides and content analysis was employed to analyzed the data The study showed that overcrowding of the chicks in the corners of brooder rooms 30%; inappropriate brooding temperatures 25.6% were the major factors leading to mortality in chicks’ others included poor breed of parent stock 18% and diseases 12% which affect the chicks in their early stages of life in Mukono district. The extension staff should educate farmers on how to brooder chicks to avoid high mortality in early stages of life and they should also train them on proper management during brooding.
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    Validation of the in-vitro efficacy of selected illicit pesticides used for controlling acaricide resistant ticks in Western Uganda
    ( 2019-07) Mutesasira, Jesse Mukisa
    Tick and Tick-borne Diseases (TBD) cause serious economical losses to livestock production in Uganda. Various strategies are used in tick control but acaricides are the most common. Due to factors such as wrong dilution, poor application and irrational use of acaricides, multi-acaricide resistance has emerged in central and western Uganda. As a result farmers are reported to be using crop pesticides where acaricides have failed to kill ticks. A cross sectional study was carried out to screen ticks for multi-acaricide resistance, determine their susceptibility to selected agro chemicals. It also involved determination of the LC50 and LC95 of these agrochemicals in order to validate their efficacy in multi-acaricide resistant tick control. Ticks that were resistant to at least two of the classes of acaricides were considered in the study. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus ticks were identified from the total ticks collected from Kabarole and Kiruhura districts in western Uganda to be used for Larval Pack Test (LPT) method. The Multi Acaricide Resistant Ticks were then tested with X01, found to contain Acetaprimid 30% w/v and X02 containing Metrifonate 45% w/v for tick susceptibility. Having shown susceptibility, serial dilutions were done so as to determine the LC50 and LC95. The lowest concentration found to be killing the ticks was at 0.03mg/ml for X01 and 4.5 x 10-39mg/ml for X02. The LC50 for XO1 was found to be 0.512mg/ml for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and the mean LC50 for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) appendiculatus was 3.92 x 10-16mg/ml. The LC95 was 18.44mg/ml and 0.04mg/ml for X01 and X02, respectively. The Diagnostic Doses (DD) for X01 and X02 for the tick larvae were 36.87mg/ml and 0.04mg/ml respectively with that of X01 being much higher than the DDs of the pre existing acaricides at recommended dosages, the reverse was found for X02. This calls for a need to rationally use the pre existing acaricides but in a rational manner instead of use of the agrochemicals for tick control which may posse greater toxicity risks which are not yet known.
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    Assessing the burden of gastrointestinal nematodes and their susceptibility to Ivermectin in goats slaughtered in Uganda Meat Industries Limited,Kampala District
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Kamoga, Joseph
    Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are one of the major causes of production losses in commercial goat farms worldwide, the deadliest in goats being Hemonchus contortus because of its blood sucking nature. Recent reports suggest that there is irrational use of antihelmitic drugs such as Benzimidazoles which has led to evolution of multi-resistant species of GIT nematodes hence ineffective control of GINs. This study therefore, determined the burden of GINs and their susceptibility to ivermectin in goats slaughtered in Uganda Meat Industries Limited, Kampala district. A total of 50 goats were randomly selected and fresh contents from their GIT were collected after their slaughter from the abattoir. Laboratory analysis was done using floatation, sedimentation and McMaster techniques to identify and enumerate the nematode egg types. Larval cultures were done to grow eggs into larvae after 21 days of incubation at room temperature, Baerman’s technique was carried out to isolate the larvae from the coprocultures and larval motility inhibition tests were done to assess GIN susceptibility to IVM. The highest egg per gram of fresh GIT contents was 4300 and lowest was 50. The highly frequent GIN genera were Trichostrongylus larvae, 62% (31/50) followed by Cooperia larvae, 38% (19/50) and then Hemonchus larvae, 30% (15/50), Nematodirus larvae, 12% (6/50) and the lowest being Ostertagia, Bunostomum and Oesophagostomum larvae with a frequency of 8% (4/50) each. The 1mg/ml of ivermectin killed 100% of the GIN larvae but the serial dilution with the highest ivermectin concentration (0.5mg/ml) killed 88.8% of the larvae after paralysis and the lowest diluted ivermectin concentration (5×10-8 mg/ml) killed 0% of the larvae however, they were paralyzed thus susceptibility of GINs to Ivermectin but the larvae (L3) in five control experiments were neither killed nor paralyzed after the 3 days of observation. The probit analysis indicated that LC95 was 0.5186mg/ml with Standard Error (SE) of 0. 0032. Therefore, LC95 when GINs were exposed to ivernectin in vitro was in the range of 0.5154 -0.5218mg/ml at 95% confidence interval. In conclusion, the GIN burden was high (90%) and therefore, routine deworming with ivermectin should be adopted by goat farmers.
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    Performance of broiler chicken in selected farms of Wakiso district.
    (Makerere University, 2019-07-17) Kugonza, Kabyanga Catherine
    The study was carried out to determine the performance of broilers chicken in the selected farms of Wakiso district. Primary data was collected using standard questionnaires and telephone interviews and was codded and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPASS 2010). The study shows that all the interviewed farmers (100%) use deep litter system when raising broilers because it’s cheap. The live weight of birds in the study is 1.8kg at 6weeks of age and the main challenges faced by farmers were; fake drugs and vaccines on market and lack of enough market for readily broilers (16.7%). The recommendation in the study is; supporting farmers to mix their own feeds at their farms so that they have birds with a heavier weight that meets the required weight on market.
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    Antimicrobial resistance of selected bacteria isolated from the oral and rectal swabs of rodents around Bwindi Impenetrable National park
    (Makerere University, 2019-07-18) Doreen, Katusabe
    The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of Salmonella, Escherichia .coli and Staphylococcus aureus in rats from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and their associated antimicrobial sensitivities. A cross section study was carried out from July to November 2018, where rats were trapped and captured from the homes where the oral and rectal swabs were collected aseptically and stored in Stuart transport media. These samples were cultured for E.coli, Salmonella and S. aureus SNA ,XLD ,and VRBA media respectively after which biochemical tests were carried to confirm the species. Finally, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried on Mueller-Hinton agar using selected antimicrobial agents(Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Ceftiofur, Ampicillin and Enrofloxacin). The bacteria, S. aureus, E. coli and salmonella were isolated in in this study. In the oral samples, E. coli had the highest prevalence (90%), followed by S. aureus (88%). In the rectal samples; 80% S. aureus, 88% E.coli and 4% salmonella were positive. Overall, resistance was more towards tetracycline and streptomycin in both the oral and rectal samples. In the oral samples, E coli was more resistant to tetracycline followed by staphylococcus aureus. Drugs such as enrofloxacin (OFX5), ceftiofur (XNL30), Ampicillin (SAM) and streptomycin (S10) represented the highest antibacterial activity against almost all the test bacteria especially S. aureus. In the rectal samples, S. aureus represented the highest level of resistance to tetracycline followed by Salmonella. Staphylococcus aureus showed susceptibility to enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, ampicillin and streptomycin. This study shows that rats are reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria that affects humans and animals especially the endangered mountain gorillas. Therefore, due to the fact that humans and animals around wildlife protected areas often share certain food and water sources, the risk of contracting these pathogenic organisms is high. It is necessary to carry out mass sensitization to people in these communities through UWA and ministry of health about the effects of rats within their homesteads and hence institute a vermin control program. Rats from the forest should also be sampled to find out if they also contain these pathogenic bacteria.
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    Assessment of factors leading to milk spoilage on selected farms in Rwanyamahembe sub county, DISTRICT.Mbarara
    (Makerere University, 2019-08) Byaruhanga, Brian
    This report entails generally the activities I got involved in during my study. The aim of the study was to find out the on-farm factors causing milk spoilage in Rwanyamahembe Sub-County. Data was collected by physical examination, visual examination, questionnaire and interviews. 55% of the farmers use plastics while 45% use aluminium as milk handling equipment. 35% of milk produced by farmers in this Sub-County is lost through spoilage on a daily basis. Farmers use different methods of controlling milk spoilage. 20% of the farmers use milk filtration, 25% milk healthy animals, 42% sell off milk immediately after milking and 15% use healthy and clean personnel for milking their animals. I recommend that farmers in this Sub-County should be given education and sensitization on different ways of handling milk in order to reduce milk spoilage. Since research has been done on farms, I recommend that further research should be done to determine factors causing milk spoilage at milk collection centres.
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    Prevalence and risk factors of helminthic infestation in goat kids in Kambuga Subcounty, Kanungu District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-08) Turyatunga, Alex
    A cross sectional study was carried out to understand the epidemiology of helminthic infestation in goat kids in Kanungu district, Kambuga Sub County. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 106 goat kids’ of less than 6 months from 21 purposively selected farms. Fecal sedimentation and simple floatation techniques were used to analyze the samples for helminths parasites. A questionnaire was used to gather information about the risk factors associated with helminths infestation in goat kids. The study revealed that the prevalence at individual level and at herd level was 83%and 95.2% respectively. Trichostrongylus spp (63.2%) had the highest prevalence while the least prevalent was trichuris spp (0.9%) and oesophagostomum spp (0.9%). At herd level, the prevalence of Trichostrogylus spp (95.2%), followed by Heamonchus spp (85.7%) and Nematodirus spp (81%) were high. The least prevalence was seen in Trichuris spp and Oesophagostomum spp. The study also revealed that sex of the kids greatly influenced helminths infestation as a statistically significant difference (p=0.049) was found between sex of the kids. Highly significant (p<0.05) relationships were recorded between age, sex and breed wise variations with helminths. However, there was no statistically significant difference observed (p>0.05) in the prevalence with marital status, hygiene and grazing system. Due to the high prevalence of helminths parasites in goat kids from the study area, it is recommended that farmers should practice routine worm control. Knowledge concerning Helminths biology and epidemiological Infestation patterns caused by these parasites is essential in the development of appropriate control strategies and this has a potential to reduce production losses.
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    Prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among livestock with history of abortion in Ibuje, Apac District, Uganda
    ( 2019-08) Bekalaze, Phillip
    Brucellosis is one of the endemic zoonotic diseases in Uganda and of a great public health and economic significance world wide. Because of the associated abortion, the disease causes high economic losses to livestock farmers. Communal grazing systems can perpecuate the disease in the different mixing herds. This is due to continous exposure of healthy animals to infection. The endemic nature can predispose humans who consume milk to the disease especially those that take raw milk. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out to estimate the seroprevalence, risk factors, peoples knwoledge, attitude and practices associated with brucellosis in cattle, goats and sheep with history of abortion in Ibuje sub-county, Apac district in Northern Uganda. A total of 134 blood samples were collected, 78 from cattle and 56 from goats and sheep with a history of abortion. The sera were analysed using Rose-Bengal test (RBT) and positive sera were subjected to Slow Agglutination Test with reducing serum volume upto a threefold to confirm seropositivity. The overall cattle individual-level and herd-level sero-prevalence was 10.3% (8/78, 95% CI: 5.3-19%) and 27.3% (6/22, 95% CI: 13.1-48.2%), respectively. There was no brucellosis sero-positive animal in all the fifty six goats and sheep sampled. Introducing new cattle to the farm was found to be significantly associated with sero-positivity (OR: 7.1, CI: 8-68% with a P-value of 0.022). This suggests a continuous need to screen new animals for brucellosis before their introduction into the farm. Majority of cattle, goats and sheep farmers had not heard about brucellosis and did not know about prevention of the disease. A substantial number of cattle owners took raw milk while less number of goats and sheep owners would take raw milk. Most of the cattle farmers would assist their animals during delivery while a few goats and sheep owners would assist their animals during delivery. Removing retained placenta was practiced by majority of the farmers and all were having history of relapsing fever in their homes.
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    Gross and histopathological lesions associated with zoonoses in rodents captured in households from selected districts of Uganda
    ( 2019-08) Sande, Moses
    Rodents live in close proximity to humans in many habitats around the world. They are a threat to public health because of the physical destruction to property and pathogens they carry. Several epidemiological studies investigating rat-borne illnesses have been done around Uganda, however, lesions associated with zoonoses in rodents have not been described. This study was conducted on rodents captured during a major surveillance studies on acute febrile illnesses in Uganda. Rodents were captured from households using Sherman’s rat traps, euthanized searched for arthropod vectors. The vectors were collected for another study and the euthanised rodents were identified morphologically. The dead rats were necropsied and gross lesions were recorded. Organs collected from the rodents were preserved in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathology using routine procedures for Haematoxylin and eosin. A total of 159 rodents were captured of which 74.2% (n=118) were black rats (Rattus rattus), 20.1% (n=32) were house mice (Mus musculus) and 5.7% (n=09) were shrews. Grossly, most of the lesions were observed in the liver of 12 black rats. These consisted of mild to moderate and in some instance severe multifocal pale areas of necrosis. Histopathological examination of these liver lesions revealed numerous multifocal well demarcated and walled-off granulomas compressing and destroying the hepatic cord and parenchyma while others had cysts with different developmental stages of tapeworm (Taenia taeniaformis). The granulomas contained Capillaria hepatica nematodes in different developmental stages with numerous typical ova. There was degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, bridging fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia, surrounded by inflammatory foci composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. The brains of rodents with these liver lesions also had vacuolation of the neuropil of the brain stem and parts of white matter of the cerebrum. This study highlights the presence of C. hepatica as zoonotic agent circulating in rodents in Uganda with R. rattus as the major reservoir. Further study of this disease in rodents and children is required since the children are the most affected. Clinicians need to be aware of hepatic capillariasis in differential diagnosis of liver diseases amongst children in Uganda.
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    Assessing the effects of feed presentation on weight gain on intensive broiler production among selected farms in peri-urban areas of Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2019-08) Ayesiiga, Comfort
    This was a case study done on a selected commercial broiler production farm to assess the effect of feed presentation on weight gain of intensive broiler birds in the peri-urban areas of Kampala. Other surrounding farmers were taken into account to give information concerning the choice of feed forms they give to their broilers. These were given prepared semi-structured questionnaires, which aided in getting information from the farmers. Of the 100 randomly selected broiler birds considered in the study, it was observed that there was a greater increase in weight gain among birds fed on pellets than those fed on mash. Mash feeds were more liked by farmers compared to pellets due to the different costs of the former. The weight gain of broiler birds was further estimated using FCR and average feed intake. There was significant increase in the mean body weight gain, feed intake and FCR of the broiler birds fed on the different forms of diet (pellets mash). The highest FCR was observed in mash fed broilers; meanwhile the pellet fed broilers had relatively the least FCR. Most of the farmers reported facing a problem of expensive feeds and diseases, which normally lead to the major losses faced in the broiler production. Therefore pelleted feed rations can be recommended for feeding of broilers in order to attain optimum economic returns.