School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources (SVAR) Collection

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    Acaricidal activity of Tephrosia Vogelii on Rhipicephallus decoloratus ticks collected from Kamira sub county in Luwero district
    (Makerere University, 2022) Sseruwu, Francis
    In Uganda, tick management among cattle farmers has become an important problem due to the increasing tick resistance to most of the synthetic acaricides on the market. The increasing acaricide resistance has been accelerated by farmers using wrong dilutions, application methods, and the increased acaricide pressure, hence lowering the productivity of the animal.Furthermore, the increasing ticks and TBDs of cattle due to resistance have resulted into increased demand for alternative control strategies in order to reduce on the livestock losses. This experimental study was intended to evaluate the acaricidal efficacy and phytochemical composition of Tephrosia vogelii methanolic leaf extracts on the ticks collected from Kamira Sub County in Luwero district. The Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various classes of compounds such as Alkaloids, Tannins, Phenols, and Flavanoids with minor presence of Saponins and traces of Terpenoids and Glycosides. When the adult immersion test was carried out the results showed that the average tick mortality increased with increasing concentration of T.vogelii leaf extract and time. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in tick mortality for all the treatments after 24hrs and 48hrs post treatment. After 72hrs post treatment, a significant difference was observed (p<0.05) in all the concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and the Amitraz with respective mortalities of 16.5%, 44.0%, 38.5%, 50.0%,67.0%, and 11.0%. Therefore, from the results obtained from this study, we can conclude that indeed Tephrosi avogelii leaf extracts have an acaricidal activity on ticks.
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    Acute and subacute dermal toxicity of Dudu-Acelamectin in wistar albino rats
    (Makerere University, 2023-10) Kawuma, Denis
    Dudu-acelamectin is a crop pesticide misused by some farmers in Uganda for tick control. The farmers who use it allege that it causes adverse effects on livestock and on human who get exposed to it during the spraying. Therefore, acute and subacute dermal toxicity studies were conducted based on OECD 402 (2017) and OECD 410 (1981) guidelines to assess the allegations on the toxicity of Dudu-acelamectin via dermal route. A total of 24 Wistar Albino Rats were used, where Dudu-Acelamectin was applied on about 10𝑐𝑚2 of shaved skin. In the acute toxicity study, 3 rats were used per dose level. The rats in each group were weighed on day 1, 7 and 14. A dose-range finding study at 200, 1000 and 2000 mg/Kg was conducted where rats were exposed once to the given dose and then observed for clinical signs and mortalities for 14 subsequent days. For the subacute toxicity study, 3 rats per dose were weighed on day 1, 7, 14 and 21, and were tested daily for 21 days at 1, 100, and 200mg/Kg to determine the clinical signs, histo pathological lesions, and the defects on renal and hepatic function tests. The mean values of body weights and the renal and hepatic function tests were statistically analysed, relative to the negative control, using One-way ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. It was found that Dudu-Acelamectin has a dermal LD50 > 2000 mg/Kg in wistar albino rats. Mild dermal irritation was noted at 1000 and 2000 mg/Kg. Lethargy was observed at 200, 1000, and 2000 mg/Kg. On Day 1, the mean body weight was statistically significant (P 2000 mg/Kg, and causes damages to the skin, liver and kidneys in Wistar Albino Rats. Hence, these adverse effects should be used as experimental evidence of the adverse effects of Dudu-Acelamectin upon dermal exposure in Wistar Albino Rats
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    Aflatoxin contamination status in selected animal feeds and concentrates sold in feed stores in Kampala, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2025) Ogwang, Paul Oscar
    This study was conducted to evaluate the status of aflatoxin contamination in commercial animal feeds and concentrates sold in feed stores in Kampala, Uganda. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, known to reduce animal productivity and pose public health risks through residues in milk, meat, and eggs. Despite existing regulatory limits, there has been limited systematic surveillance of commercial feeds in Kampala, where most livestock farmers source their feeds. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed, and 60 feed samples were collected across five divisions of Kampala, representing four feed categories (layers mash, dairy meal, pig concentrate, and fish feed). Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to detect aflatoxins. Findings showed that 48.3% of samples tested positive for aflatoxins. Among the contaminated samples, 70% contained aflatoxin G, while 30% contained aflatoxin B. Layers mash recorded the highest contamination (66.7%), followed by dairy meal (53.3%), fish feeds (46.7%), and pig concentrate (33.3%). Contamination levels also varied by manufacturing period, with prevalence rates of 35%, 45%, and 80% in May, June, and July, respectively. These findings indicate that aflatoxin contamination is widespread in Kampala’s feed stores and influenced by both feed type and season of manufacture. The high levels observed, particularly in poultry and dairy feeds during wetter months, raise concerns about food safety and livestock productivity. Furthermore, according to the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS, 2018), the maximum permissible level of aflatoxins in animal feeds is 10 µg/kg; however, there is limited data on the extent to which feeds on the Ugandan market comply with this standard. The study concludes that aflatoxin contamination poses a significant threat to the livestock sector and recommends nationwide surveillance and quantitative assessments to strengthen evidence for policy and interventions.
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    Agro-pesticides and acaricide use practices in the control of ticks from the 3 selected sub-counties of Kiboga district
    (Makerere University, 2023-10) Lunkuse, Sharon
    Ticks present a significant threat to the livestock industry in Uganda, vectoring diseases that cause economic losses and negatively affect animal welfare. The persistent use of acaricides, often accompanied by poor application practices, has contributed to heightened resistance in ticks. As a result, farmers have begun using agricultural pesticides to manage the tick problem, raising concerns regarding their efficacy and potential side effects. For this reason, a cross-sectional study was conducted in three sub-counties of Kiboga district; Kapeke, Dwaniro, and Lwamata to identify the predominant acaricides and agrochemicals used for tick control, understand the associated usage practices, and evaluate perceived adverse effects on humans and animals. In this study, a chi-square analysis was also conducted to assess the statistical significance of the data, revealing valuable insights between socio-demographic characteristics with use of agro-pesticides. Eighty three (83) farmers participated, distributed as 28 from Kapeke, 30 from Dwaniro, and 25 from Lwamata. Results showed that majority of the respondents (61.5%, 51/83) primarily used amitrazbased acaricides. Most (56.6%, 47/83) depended on personal knowledge for acaricide application. A significant 86.7% (72/83) mixed acaricides with agrochemicals, while 6% (5/83) combined multiple acaricide brands. About 68.9% (58/83) switched acaricide once the current one became ineffective. The commonly used agrochemicals as acaricide were dudu acelamectin (73.5%, 61/83), ocelamectin (12%, 10/83) and dudu force (3.6%, 3/83). Level of education was significantly associated with use of agro-pesticides as acaricides in tick control (p =0.04 ) with people of lower level of education more likely to use these agro-pesticides. Adverse effects noted from agrochemical included blindness, and skin irritation in livestock, sneezing and eye irritation in human handlers. The findings of this study emphasize an urgent need for better tick control practices. There is a requirement for effective acaricide rotation, implementation of safety protocols, and a deeper exploration into the implications using in tick control.
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    Analysis of selected veterinary Hippocratic Oaths in Africa
    (Makerere University, 2022-04) Lubowa, Excellent Mercy
    Veterinary Hippocratic oaths are important tools that express values and commitments to the profession, public and animals. They aide translation of these commitments and values into practice. The contents of these oaths, and as a consequence the commitments expressed in them, are influenced by the economic, social and political pressures at the time of drafting. Oaths may therefore not always be representative of the ideals in current context under which they are used and meant to serve. The context of the modern veterinary profession in Africa has changed ever since its establishment in the colonial times. On this basis, a descriptive case study was carried out to analyse the contents of the veterinary oaths from 6 selected African countries. The purpose of this research was to first to characterize their contents and secondly ascertain the inclusion of current developments in the veterinary profession. The oaths were obtained by means of email and analyzed using a check list. Analysis revealed that content of all the oaths are mainly ethical values and obligations to three parties; the veterinary profession, the public and the animal. The study also found out that the current developments of One Health and animal welfare were under represented, with only 2 oaths out of the 5 included these components. On this basis better representation and emphasis of these components in these oaths is recommended to aide their translation into practice.
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    Analysis of the morphological structure of Ankole cattle horns in relation to their market status in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2023-09) Mutungi, Derricj
    Ankole cattle horns are economically valuable if effectively utilized. However, limited research in Uganda has hindered their comprehensive understanding and utilization. This study aimed to analyze Ankole cattle horn morphology, focusing on parameters like length, diameter, and sheath thickness across different age groups. Results: Age significantly influenced horn parameters (length, diameter, and sheath thickness). Lateral horn length and sheath thickness were greater than medial counterparts, increasing distally. Market preference favored longer, mature, white horns with a larger circumference. Conclusion: More research on indigenous breeds like Ankole cattle is needed to optimize their utilization, encouraging farmers to breed them and boost the horn processing industry.
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    Analysis on rural chicken performance under free range system in Kapchorwa district, Eastern Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-09) Namisi, Alex
    The traditional understanding that chicken production can only be produced through exotic systems like constant vaccination and boosters being given all time around forgetting that natural medication can raise birds properly and more healthier with high value products than exotic ones have led to low production of local chicken and this study analyzed rural chicken performance under free range system in Kapchorwa district with a case study of Chema sub-county. This was done to examine production rate, performance and challenges faced in local chicken production in Chema sub-county hence forth propose ways of improving their production. A quantitative study was carried out and the target population were households in Chema sub-county. A sample of 30 households were selected using simple random sampling and interviewed using questionnaires and data collected was captured using Microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS. Univariate analysis of variables was carried out to examine each individual variable in detail. Frequency tables were being used at univariate level. At bivariate level, chi square test and cross tables were used to compare and establish existence of relationships between variables. Study findings showed that there was poor performance of local chicken production among households in Chema sub-county with 50% being affected by chicken diseases,30% predationand17% lack supplementary feeds. Hens hatch an average of 7-10 chicks andchicks dying before weaning being the major challenge facedbecause 60% of chicken wean an average of 4-6chicks per clutch, lack of good management skills also showed to be a serious factor leading to their poor performance. The study recommended that the district production officer should through extension workers and community development officers provide information/sensitize the community on proper management of local chicken under free range system in order to achieve good performance, such as vaccination, providing supplementary feeds and trainings.
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    Animal welfare
    (Makerere University, 2019-11) Okello, Thomas
    Animals interact or cope comfortably with its environment, resulting in satisfaction of both its physical and mental state. This satisfaction enhances expression of normal behavioral patterns by the animal. This study was carried out with the objectives of establishing the welfare status of zero-grazed dairy cows in Kyanja Parish by evaluating the most violated freedom, determining the awareness of animal welfare among the owners of zero grazed dairy cows and to give recommendations on how to raise zero-grazed dairy cows without abusing their welfare after establishing theirstatus. This was a cross-sectional study carried out by administering semi-structured questionnaires covering aspects of zero-grazed dairy cow’s welfare to owners of the dairy cows in Kyanja Parish which include (Kasaana Zone A, B and C, and in Katumba Zone A and B). In the Zones under study 3 to 7 farmers from each ward were chosen and the whole study involved 25 dairy farmers. Some observations were made on the design of zero-grazing unit structures, feeding, watering, disease control and breeding practices undertaken by the dairy farmers. The study established that Zero-grazed cow’s nutrition in general was not good because this was indicated by body scores of the animals. Some of the dairy cows were not provided with overhead shelter but slept outside, exposed to extremes of weather with the sleeping places having slurry and varied levels of hygiene. It was also established that the dairy farmers had very little knowledge regarding animal welfare and wellbeing in general with only 3 farmers, 12% aware of animal welfare and the rest 88% had very little or no knowledge regarding animal welfare. The health challenges facing zero-grazed dairy included: pneumonia 2%, East coast fever20%, mastitis 25%, lameness 10%, foot rot 18%, helminthosis 6% and fly nuisance 100%. This study concludes that inadequate knowledge on animal welfare amongst farmers in these zero-grazed dairy cattle in the smallholder dairy units of the Kyanja Parish has directly resulted to poor animal welfare. There were also other several reasons including resource constraints, low economic returns to investing in animal welfare and absence or non-enforcement of animal welfare regulations.
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    Antibacterial activity of methanolic and aqueous crude plant extracts of Acanthus polystachyus Delile and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Delile against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
    (Makerere University, 2025) Arinda, Ian
    The escalating global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of methanolic and aqueous crude plant extracts from Acanthus polystachyus Delile and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Delile against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Plant samples were collected from Nakyesasa farm, authenticated by confirming the identity of the plants by the botanist at the Makerere university Herbarium, and subjected to methanolic and aqueous crude extraction with 90% methanol and distilled water respectively. Antibacterial activity of the crude plant extracts was assessed using agar well diffusion, followed by serial broth dilution for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) determination. Data was managed and analyzed using STATA software, employing one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing mean MIC and mean MBC values, and Bonferroni’s Post Hoc comparison tests, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant at 95% level of confidence. The One-way ANOVA analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences across the different plant extract groups (P < 0.05) in the mean MIC and MBC values against S. aureus and E. coli. Further analysis with Bonferroni Post Hoc test revealed that methanolic extracts of Acanthus polystachyus Delile exhibited the greatest antibacterial activity. The agar well diffusion results indicated varying zones of clearance of the different plant extracts with extracts exhibiting greater zones of clearance up to 16.5mm against S. aureus than E. coli with up to 9.0mm. A. polystachyus Delile exhibited a higher antibacterial activity with lower mean MIC and MBC values of 1.29mg/ml and 5.16mg/ml respectively against S. aureus and 20.63mg/ml and 31.25mg/ml respectively against E. coli, than G. amygdalinum Delile with MIC and MBC values of 2.58mg/ml and 5.16 mg/ml respectively against S. aureus and 82.5mg/ml and 165mg/ml respectively against E. coli. The methanolic extracts demonstrated a superior antibacterial activity than the aqueous extracts of their counterpart plants with an MIC value as low as 1.29 mg/ml against S. aureus and 20.63 mg/ml against E. coli. The general MBC/MIC ration of 1.725 of the plant extracts being <4 indicated the bactericidal effect of the plant extracts. These findings highlight the potential of Acanthus polystachyus Delile and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum Delile as sources of natural antimicrobial compounds, offering a viable strategy to mitigate AMR and contribute to the development of plant-based alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Therefore, further research to isolate and optimize these plants bioactive compounds as well as conducting clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety in humans and animals is highly recommended.
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    Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of e. Coli from lionesses at Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre (UWEC)
    (Makerere University, 2025) Wakayiya, Lenard
    This study investigated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from lionesses at Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre. A retrospective study design was used where health records and laboratory data of the four lionesses were analyzed to assess the susceptibility patterns of E. coli isolates to various selected antimicrobials. From the retrieved data, samples were collected through oral and anal swabbing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using cephalosporins, penicillin’s, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The study established a variation in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns with intraclass variations observed in some classes of antibacterials. In view of these findings, the study concludes that management of E. coli infections in captive lionesses may become a challenge if antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not adopted. The high levels of non-susceptible E. coli isolates possess a high risk to conservation efforts and the health management of captive wildlife particularly in environments exposed to human influence. Despite its limitations, this study should be widely carried out on other classes of antimicrobials so as to provide comprehensive information on the changing susceptibility patterns of E. coli to allow wider evidence-based decision making in terms of antibiotic selection. A study be conducted to identify the potential source of entry of non-susceptible E. coli; and assessment of non-susceptible E. coli strains. Routine antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates be established at UWEC to guide the selection of appropriate antibiotics such as cefuroxime, ampicillin &Sulbactam and Gentamycin to avoid the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum drugs thereby minimizing the development of non-susceptible E. coli strains
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    Antimicrobial resistance profiles of selected mastitogenic bacteria on smallholder farms in Buyanja Sub-county, Rukungiri district, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2021-09) Barekye, Philip Brian
    This study investigated antimicrobial resistance patterns of four most incriminated bacteria in mastitis infections in cattle, i.e., Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and Streptococcus spp. The descriptive-observatory study aimed at understanding the pathologies of udders of cows and the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance in milk. This was done by examining 54 composite milk samples taken from 25 smallholder dairy farms in Buyanja Sub-county, Rukungiri district, Uganda. Bacteria isolated from milk using blood and Mac Conkey’s agar were identified by biochemical tests. Their antibiotic resistance was determined using drug impregnated disc diffusion method. Clinical mastitis was prevalent in 4% and subclinical mastitis in 83% of the animals. Udders of clinical mastitis cases presented with swellings, bruises, warts, wounds and lacerations. Two cows had pus in milk, one had a swollen udder with colostrum milk and another had a deep wound on the upper lateral part of the udder. Out of the 54 samples with subclinical mastitis, 39 tested positive for the bacteria of interest in this study. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli had the highest prevalence (33.3%), followed by Klebsiella and Streptococcus (30.8%) and (2.6%) respectively. Streptococcus exhibited 100% susceptibility to the drugs used except Gentamicin to which it was 100% resistant. Klebsiella showed resistance to Cefoxitin and Penicillin (100%), Gentamicin (75%), Tetracycline (66.7%), and Streptomycin (0.0%). It showed susceptibility to streptomycin (50%), Tetracycline (33.3%), Gentamicin (8.3%), Cefoxitin and penicillin (0.0%). Staphylococcus aureus exhibited resistance to Penicillin (92.3%), Gentamicin and Tetracycline (61.5%), Cefoxitin (7.7%) and streptomycin (0.0%). It was susceptible to Cefoxitin (92.3%), streptomycin (53.8%) and Tetracycline (38.5%). E. coli showed resistance to Penicillin (100%), Gentamicin (53.8%), Cefoxitin and Tetracycline (30.8%) and expressed susceptibility to Cefoxitin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline (69.2%), Gentamicin (30.8%) and Penicillin (0.0%). Generally, the highest resistance was found with Penicillin at 94.9% followed by Gentamicin at 64.1% and Tetracycline at 51.3%. There was more susceptibility to Streptomycin (59.0%) followed by Cefoxitin (56.4%) and Tetracycline at 48.7%. Veterinary practitioners should initiate programs aimed at sensitizing farmers about udder health care and judicious use of antibiotics. A microbial susceptibility tests should be done before treatment for mastitis to reduce on costs incurred on ineffective treatments.
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    Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli and practices relating to pork handling at Wambizzi Abbatoir, Kampala, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2022-03) Katushabe, Phiona
    Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public and animal health threat. Its development is demonstrated by microorganisms such as bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from pigs brought for slaughter at Wambizzi abattoir in Kampala district. The study also assessed the practices of the abattoir workers concerning pork handling. Rectal swabs as well as swabs of the floors of the holding yards and slaughter houses were collected and cultured for the detection and isolation of E. coli. Observation checklists were used to monitor the process of slaughter of every 10th pig slaughtered. From SPSS analysis, Resistance to commonly used antibiotics in swine medicine was demonstrated in pigs coming from major regions of Uganda. E. coli isolated from pigs exhibited high resistance against erythromycin (87.4%). The least resistance was observed against ciprofloxacin at 2.3%. The isolates collected from pigs from farms located in the central region showed higher percentages of drug resistant Escherichia coli on amoxicillin (30.4%, p value =0.007), erythromycin (34.8%, p value= 0.002), streptomycin (40.7%), ciprofloxacin (100%), oxytetracycline (31%) and sulphurmethoxazole-trimethoprim (42.9%). The antibiotic resistant E. coli was also confirmed in the immediate environment where pigs were kept and slaughtered. From the isolates of the environment, the highest resistance was confirmed against erythromycin (100%). No isolates showed resistance against ciprofloxacin. Generally, most of the good hygiene practices were not practiced by the abattoir workers. They did not have any hand washing facilities nor did they clean their equipment between slaughters of the carcasses. The slaughter took place on the floor of the inspection room and hygiene of the floors where slaughter took place was not good. Cleaning of the floors with a disinfectant was only carried out when the slaughters for the day were all completed. Failure to follow good hygiene practices by the abattoir workers and the presence of antibiotic resistant E. coli in the slaughter houses presents a possible risk of pork contamination with antibiotic resistant E. coli which may cause some public health challenges.
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    Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from selected commercial broiler chicken farms in Luwero Town Council, Luwero District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2022-04) Kajjubi, Saddam
    This baseline study employed a purposive random sampling strategy from 18th to 24th October, 2021 on commercial broiler chicken farms in Luwero town council, Luwero district. The objectives were; to identify the most common commercial broiler management system in use, determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the E. coli isolates and identify the injudicious use of antimicrobials from the selected broiler chicken farms. A total of 70 samples (40 Environmental fecal swabs and 30 Cloacal fecal swabs) was collected from 10 different commercial broiler farms and brought to Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL), Makerere University. All samples were handled using standard biological methods. The prevalence of E. coli in Poultry house and Cloacal fecal swab samples was 77.5 % (31⁄40) and 96.66 % (29⁄30) respectively. All the sampled farms practiced deep-litter commercial broiler chicken farming with 60% of the farms having no foot baths, no rodent control programs and the 40% who control rodents were not maintained by professionals. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined using drug disc diffusion method. E. coli isolates showed susceptibility variations to the drugs used and highest susceptibility was (78.3%) to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin (51.7%), Ciprofloxacin (38.3%), Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (5.0%) and Tetracycline (1.7%). Whereas, the highest resistance of (96.7%) was registered against Tetracycline, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (95.0%), Streptomycin (73.3%), Ciprofloxacin (46.7%), Gentamicin (16.7%) and Amoxicillin (8.3%). The Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) to at least two antibiotics studied was 98.3%, which was worrisome. In addition, 60% of the farms practice extra-label use of antibiotics, 50% of the farms use antibiotics daily for prophylaxis and as growth promotion, and none of the farms takes samples for postmortem and for laboratory analysis before intervening treatment protocols. 80% of the farms consult fellow farmers in case of treatment failure and for the best treatment choices they have ever attempted. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests accompanied with postmortem reports should be done before treatment to reduce on ineffective treatments and AMR patterns. Veterinary practitioners should also initiate programs aimed at sensitizing farmers about proper broiler farming practices and judicious use of antibiotics.
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    Apparent density of tsetse flies in lii sub county nwoya district nwoya district
    (Makerere University, 2024-08-29) Oloya, Jimmy
    Tsetse flies are obligate bloodsucking arthropods of medical and veterinary importance as vectors of trypanosome parasites that cause Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in animals also known as Nagana and Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) also known as sleeping sickness in human. The tsetse vector is extensively distributed across sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention and control of trypanosomiasis in both animals and humans requires a clear understanding of the population dynamics of the vector in a given area however, such information is scanty in many parts of Uganda. This cross sectional study was conducted in Lii sub-county Nwoya district to determine the apparent density of tsetse flies, sex proportion and the common species. Thirty (30) Ngu tsetse traps were deployed in areas of human settlement, streams, and animal rearing. Flies were harvested after 24hrs, counted and identified by morphological characteristics using a stereo microscope. A total of 704 tsetse flies were caught across the 30 traps that were set in the three villages of Lii subcounty during the study. Majority of the tsetse flies were caught in Ogelo Village (58.1%), followed by Adibuk (25.6%) and Gonycoyo (16.3%). The average flies/trap/day (FTD) from all the three sites was 24.6 ± 5.48 (Mean ± SE), with the highest FTD being in Ogelo village and the least in Adibuk. The tsetse density was 24.6, the species prevalent were G. fuscipes 30.1% with G. pallidipes being the most prevalent at 52.8% and G. morsitans was the least prevalent at 17.10%. According to sex, females were more common at 77.6% compared males (22.4 %). Furthermore, when predictors influencing abundance of tsetse flies were assessed, the study revealed statistical significance for population of animals (p=0.031). The study findings indicate that, the apparent density of tsetse in Lii sub-county is medium (24.6 FTD). Suggesting moderate levels of transmission of the trypanosomes to humans and animals. Attempts should therefore be made to expand government and private veterinary services to serve the community in the control of tsetse flies as well as provision of appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic drugs to control trypanosomiasis
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    Aretrospective study on the immmobilisation of captive tiger(Panthera tigris tigris) at the Uganda wildlife Conservation Centre Education Conservation area
    (Makerere University, 2025) Ankunda, Georgina
    The purpose of the study was to analyze records of two tiger cubs immobilized with ketamine- medetomidine (KM) during annual health checks on April 6, 2024, at Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Center Conservation Area (UWEC-CA). These checks took place within the holding enclosures of the Bengal tigers to evaluate the physiological responses and duration associated with the anesthetic protocol, aiming to assess its safety and effectiveness. Records showed that the initial dose for each cub was estimated at 2-3 mg/kg ketamine plus 0. 01-0. 02 mg/kg medetomidine, administered intramuscularly. When necessary, additional intramuscular top-ups of 0.3-3mg/kg ketamine plus 0.01 mg/kg medetomidine were given to maintain anesthesia depth. Vital signs and body responses were monitored starting when the Bengal tiger cubs were under anesthesia until recovery. Both animals were positioned in lateral recumbency. Physiological parameters measured included rectal temperature (38.65 ± 1.443 °C), pulse rate (92 ± 18.242 bpm), respiration rate (30.5 ± 15.773 breaths per minute), and capillary refill time (1.67 ± 0.41 seconds). The cubs were induced in approximately 9.5 ± 0.5 minutes, maintained under anesthesia for about 35.5 ± 4.5 minutes, and reversal was achieved with atipamezole (0.03 mg/kg), administered at five times the dose of medetomidine. Recovery was characterized by the cubs attempting to stand after approximately 19.5 ± 7.5 minutes. The study demonstrated that the KM protocol effectively induced anesthesia while maintaining physiological parameters within acceptable ranges, despite some individual differences. Physiological responses observed, such as mild hypothermia, bradycardia, and respiratory depression, aligned with the known pharmacodynamics of the drugs used. In the female cub, stress appeared to influence the effectiveness of the protocol. Both cubs recovered successfully without complications, indicating the safety of the protocol when administered properly. The average duration of the health check was approximately 64.5 ± 2.4 minutes. The ketamine- medetomidine protocol was found to be a suitable choice for chemical immobilization, offering smooth induction and recovery with no complications during or after the procedure. This study underscores the importance of individualized anesthetic planning, continuous physiological monitoring, and role specialization in tiger anesthesia management. Future studies at UWEC-CA will enhance tiger anesthesia protocols, boosting safety, care, and conservation efforts.
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    Assessement of acaricide use and susceptibility of ticks infesting cattle in Napak District, Karamoja Subregion
    (Makerere University, 2022-11) Lotiang, Eliyah
    Livestock farming especially cattle keeping plays an important role in supporting the livelihoods of farmers in Napak district, Karamoja sub region. However, ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have been identified as one of the major constraints to cattle keeping due to their adverse health and economic effects downsizing livestock production in the area. Presently, no study has been conducted in Napak district to assess farmer’s Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on chemical tick control method and as well susceptibility of ticks infesting cattle, yet such information is vital in ensuring the implementation and adoption of effective chemical use as a measure of ticks and TBDs control. Therefore, a KAP study was conducted among 119 farmers using a semi structured questionnaire and the susceptibility of cattle ticks, R. (Boophilus) decoloratus and A. variegatum species to common acaricides on market, were investigated using AIT and LPT bioassays at discriminating doses. Both studies were conducted between August and November, 2022. The KAP survey showed that most farmers (79%) used hand sprayer followed by knapsack sprayer (21%) for spraying and inappropriate acaricide use practices such as wrong dilution ( Estimation,32% and Non calibrated top, 22.7%) , use of same acaricide brands for long periods (95.8%), longer application interval (Monthly, 75.6%) and inappropriate restraint method (Boma, 94.1%). AIT results on R. (Boophilus) decoloratus showed a significantly higher susceptibility of over 83% to SP (Deltamethrin) and COF (Duodip) and least susceptibility of 41.7% and 8.3% was recorded in OP (Chlorfenvinphos) and amidines (amitraz) respectively. A. variegatum tick species showed higher susceptibility of over 87% to SP, OP and COF but no susceptibility was recorded in amitraz. LPT results carried on A. variegatum showed over 95% mortality in SP, OP and COF except in amitraz (14.5%). Least susceptibilities of R. (Boophilus) decoloratus recorded in OP and amitraz and of A. variegatum in amitraz in both AIT and LPT is indicative of possible developed acaricide resistance. Findings from this study are expected to guide in addressing the identified knowledge gaps and designing interventions to enhance the adoption of an effective chemical tick control as a measure of preventing TBDs and subsequent improvement of livestock health and production in the Napak and Karamoja Sub-region.
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    Assessing antibiotic use patterns of Wakiso Health Centre IV and selected sympatric poultry farms in Wakiso Town Council, Wakiso District
    (Makerere university, 2022-03) Wagaba, David
    Antibiotic resistance is a global threat to both animal and public health. Irrational antibiotic use has been identified among the drivers of antibiotic resistance in both animal and human populations. This study was to assess antibiotic use patterns at Wakiso Health Centre IV and selected sympatric farms in Wakiso town council, Wakiso District. This was a cross-sectional study that involved review of 347 outpatient prescriptions carried out between September 2021 and November 2021. It also involved the use of structured questionnaires to obtain the antibiotic use practices at 36 poultry farms. The Data obtained was analyzed in SPSS statistical package 20 for descriptive statistics to obtain frequencies and percentages. 72% (250/347) of the prescriptions were with at least one antibiotic. The mean number of antibiotics per prescription was 1.7 (412/250). Majority of these 18% (45/250) were prescribed for the diagnosis of common cold. Penicillins 31% (129/412) and nitroimidazoles 23% (94/412) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes among the outpatients. Among the poultry farms, all 36 (100%) recorded use of antibiotics via the oral route. Of these, majority 88.9% (32/36) use antibiotics for treatment while 61.1% (22/36) use antibiotics for prophylaxis. 50% (18/36) rely on fellow farmers or their experience for antibiotic prescription information, 50% (18/36) pour away excess antibiotic mixture and throw used sackets on farm premises, 50% (18/36) have knowledge on drug withdrawal periods though none observed them. Coughing 75% (27/36) and diarrhea 61% (22/36) were identified by majority of the farmers as signs that prompted antibiotic use. Tetracyclines 41.7% (15/36) were the commonly used antibiotics among the poultry farmers. Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines were the classes of antibiotics shared by both groups. However, macrolides (P<0.001) and tetracyclines (P<0.001) were significantly used more on the poultry farms than the health center. Therefore, careful action should be taken by the stakeholders in both the animal and public health sectors in order to promote rational use of antibiotics.
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    Assessing cattle farmers’ knowledge and practices towards foot and mouth disease transmission and control in Nkozi Sub-county, Mpigi District
    (Makerere University, 2022-03) Kirabira, Martin
    Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals (artiodactyls). The disease is on the list of notifiable diseases by the world organization for animal health (OIE) and is regarded as a transboundary animal disease (TAD). A cross-sectional survey was carried out to determine cattle farmers' knowledge and practices towards FMD transmission and control of FMD by employing structured questionnaires. A total of 121 cattle farmers were interviewed from the different parishes in Nkozi Subcounty. The results showed that regarding knowledge about the transmission of FMD, 47.9% of the cattle farmers know that FMD is transmitted through direct contact between infected and non-infected animals, 57.0% know that wild animals can spread FMD to domestic animals and 61.2% know that quarantine and restriction orders prevent FMD transmission. In terms of knowledge about the control of FMD, 56.2% of the cattle farmers have knowledge about the prevention of FMD transmission through vaccination, 56.2% suggested that vaccination be carried every year and all the respondents could atleast identify one actor that can help prevent the transmission of FMD. Regarding the practices, about 66.9% of the cattle farmers practice communal grazing and watering, about 44.6% of the cattle farmers dispose off dead animals by giving them to other people for eating and approximately half of the respondents (50.4%) have the habit of going to neighbours to see animals that are clinically sick with FMD which promotes FMD transmission. About 65.3% of cattle farmers are ignorant about the use gloves when handling sick animals, 66.9% about the use disinfectants for cleaning farm equipments as well as at farm entry points which would help in the control of FMD transmission. About 49.6% of the cattle farmers have fences on their farms and an average of 56.2% of the cattle farmers don’t mix animals from the market with the rest of the herd which helps in the control of FMD transmission. Cattle farmers have average and good knowledge towards FMD transmission and control on their farms and in the community respectively. This study recommends Cattle farmers’ sensitization to improve their knowledge about how FMD is spread and hence avoid practices like the practice of communal watering and grazing, disposal of carcasses for animals that die of FMD by giving them to others and farm visits during an outbreak and Preparation of a simplified farmer’s handbook on the Control of FMD on a cattle farm that can help in the sensitization of cattle farmers about the proper FMD control measures like the use of gloves when handling sick animals and the use of disinfectants on farms.
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    Assessing community knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards tourism development: a case study of Ibanda District
    (Makerere University, 2022-12) Tumwesigye, Macknon
    Understanding what communitys of a particular location know about and perceive of any development that has an impact on their livelihood is key prior to project implementation. This study focused on assessing the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of the communitys of Ibanda district in Southwestern Uganda about tourism development. The objectives were to find out what community know about tourism development and what attitudes and perceptions they have about tourism development in Ibanda district. Data was collected using key informant interviews and structured questionnaires. One key informant and 149 respondents from the sub counties of Ibanda town council, Bisheshe, Nyabuhikye and Ishongororo town council were interviewed. Results indicated that the communitys of Ibanda district were aware of the districts tourism development potential but had limited knowledge about it. In addition to that, results showed that communitys have positive attitudes and perceptions about tourism development. The biggest percentage (65.1%) of the respondents were males and majority had attained secondary level education (39.6%). These findings suggested that the ministry of tourism, wildlife and antiquities should create awareness and sensitize communitys about their home district’s tourism potential, development and avenues for revenue to improve their knowledge , attitudes and perceptions.
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    Assessing consumer perception on eggs and meat from commercial chicken fed on black soldier fly larvae compounded feed in Mukono Central Division, Mukono Municipality, and Kitayunjwa Subcounty, Kamuli District
    (Makerere University, 2025) Kwagala, Cosmas Igombe
    The rising cost and environmental impact of conventional protein sources like soybean and fish meal in poultry production have driven interest in alternatives such as Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL). This study assessed consumer perception toward eggs and meat from chickens fed on BSFL-compounded feed in Mukono Central Division and Kitayunjwa Subcounty, Kamuli District, The current study assess consumer awareness of protein feed ingredients in chicken feed, evaluates consumer attitudes toward replacing soybean/fish meal with BSFL and determine factors influencing willingness to pay for BSFL-fed chicken products. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 205 consumers using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze awareness, attitudes, and influencing factors. Awareness that commercial chicken feed contains protein sources was high (73.2%), though only 25.7% had heard of BSFL. Mukono residents had significantly higher awareness compared to Kamuli (80.5% vs. 60.5%; p = 0.002). Overall, attitudes were favorable: 67.5% were comfortable, and 34.5% were very likely to purchase BSFL-fed products. The main influencing factor on willingness to pay was nutritional value (49.8%), followed by price (19.5%) and food safety (18.5%). Over half (52.2%) had no concerns about BSFL- fed products, though 24.4% cited safety. Consumers are open to BSFL-fed poultry products, especially when benefits are clear and safety is assured. Increasing awareness, ensuring product quality, and building trust will be key to acceptance and market growth.