School of Engineering (SEng.)

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https://dissertations.mak.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12281/27

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    5G powered public network with QoS optimized device to device communication
    (Makerere University, 2024-06) Abbe, Matsiko
    This project investigates D2D communication in SG public networks, focusing on identifying the optimal user equipment (UE) density for efficient resource utilization. We employ the OMNET++ simulation framework to analyze the impact of UE count (8, 100, 500, and 1000) on key performance parameters like latency, throughput, jitter, and packet loss. Within OMNET++, we first develop a Network Description (NED) file to define the network components and their interactions. Subsequently, an initialization script configures the simulation environment, specifying parameters like UE density, mobility and network topology. Through graphical analysis of the simulation results, we determine the critical UE density threshold below which traditional cellular communication outperforms D2D communication in terms of QoS. Our findings establish this threshold, providing crucial insights for network design and resource allocation strategies in dense user environments. By identifying the crossover point, network operators can optimize resource allocation to ensure efficient communication under varying user densities. Our investigation into D2D communication within a 5G public network environment revealed significant performance improvements compared to traditional cellular communication across key QoS parameters like latency, throughput, jitter, and packet loss. This finding held true for a range of user equipment (UE) densities, suggesting D2D communication's potential for enhancing network performance in scenarios with a high concentration of users. However, it's crucial to acknowledge the existence of a critical UE density threshold. Our results indicate that beyond this threshold, traditional cellular communication offer better performance. This highlights the importance of considering network density when implementing D2D communication.
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    5G-powered network with QoS-optimized devide to device communication
    (Makerere University, 2024) Anyirataca, Hamfrey Bill
    This project investigates D2D communication in 5G public networks, focusing on identifying the optimal user equipment (UE) density for efficient resource utilization. We employ the OMNET++ simulation framework to analyze the impact of UE count (8, 100, 500, and 1000) on key performance parameters like latency, throughput, jitter, and packet loss. Within OMNET++, we first develop a Network Description (NED) file to define the network components and their interactions. Subsequently, an initialization script configures the simulation environment, specifying parameters like UE density, mobility and network topology. Through graphical analysis of the simulation results, we determine the critical UE density threshold below which traditional cellular communication outperforms D2D communication in terms of QoS. Our findings establish this threshold, providing crucial insights for network design and resource allocation strategies in dense user environments. By identifying the crossover point, network operators can optimize resource allocation to ensure efficient communication under varying user densities. Our investigation into D2D communication within a 5G public network environment revealed significant performance improvements compared to traditional cellular communication across key QoS parameters like latency, throughput, jitter, and packet loss. This finding held true for a range of user equipment (UE) densities, suggesting D2D communication's potential for enhancing network performance in scenarios with a high concentration of users. However, it's crucial to acknowledge the existence of a critical UE density threshold. Our results indicate that beyond this threshold, traditional cellular communication offer better performance. This highlights the importance of considering network density when implementing D2D communication.
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    Accessing the impact of land use change on the flooding of Kiwunya channel in Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2021-02) Ssajja, Gerald ; Barigye, Grace Stuart
    Kiwuunya channel stretches from UCC church Nakulabye to Northern By- pass, Bwaise. It passes through Kasubi which is predominantly a built up area comprised of settlements and commercial buildings. This has led to continuous infrastructure development leaving an ever increasing extinction of green area cover. As a result of which there is an increase the volume of surface runoff associated with the increase in paving and construction of new buildings. The steep sloping topography of the Kiwuunya sub catchment in Kasubi increases the dynamic properties and the erosive capacity of the surface run off and this leads to the siltation in the downhill streams, channels, culverts and other storm water conveyance conduits. These are the main storm water management systems present, once blocked result in flooding of the areas downstream. With the above mentioned problems, coupled together with their direct and indirect effects, it is of great relevance that complementary storm water management measures that economize space and are not destructive to the environment be researched, examined and be implemented to give additional storm water management capacity. This necessitates the need to research in the direction of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDs), which control floods in a natural way through temporary storage and slow release onto land. There are several examples of these among which are the not so popularly used, detention ponds. Hence the research is aimed at maximizing the potential use of these structures in urban areas, owing to their good space economics, inexpensiveness and ability to retain and potentially release a significant volume of runoff. The report also gives the different methodologies that were undertaken during the research, such as obtaining of rainfall statistics of the area to be able to estimate the volume of runoff generated as well as assessing how the change in land use categories has and will affect the flooding patterns of this channel. This information was then used to design detention ponds for temporarily storing runoff. The conclusion to the report majorly presents recommendations of maximizing the use of sustainable remedies for controlling rainfall runoff, based on the key findings which included, low permeable soils present, fairly available unpaved land and that installation of such structures can produce a percentage runoff reduction of at least 33% at the study area.
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    The aesthetics of remembrance: a qualitative assessment of Uganda's Luwero Triangle Memorial
    (Makerere University, 2024-11) Ssempijja, Ivan
    This research delves into "The Aesthetics of Remembrance: A Qualitative Assessment of Uganda's Luwero Triangle Memorial," seeking to unravel the intricate interplay between architectural design, emotional resonance, and cultural memory. Against the backdrop of Uganda's historical tapestry, the Luwero Triangle Memorial stands as a poignant testament to a significant chapter in the nation's past. The study sets out with a general objective: to assess the impact experience of the Luwero Triangle Memorial on the general public. This overarching aim unfolds through specific objectives that span a comprehensive exploration. The first objective involves a meticulous analysis of the architectural and design elements embedded within the existing memorial spaces of the Luwero Triangle. Focusing on both visual and sensory dimensions, this endeavour aims to discern the subtle ways in which these elements contribute to the remembrance of historical events. The second objective navigates the emotional and psychological terrain, aiming to understand how these memorial spaces resonate with visitors and local communities. By exploring the mechanisms through which these spaces evoke and convey a profound sense of historical significance and collective memory, the study unveils the nuanced dynamics of remembrance. Building upon these analyses, the third objective endeavours to offer practical recommendations. It seeks to propose innovative designs and strategies that could enhance the aesthetics of memorial spaces in the Luwero Triangle. Crucially, these recommendations are crafted with a keen awareness of cultural and social sensitivities, acknowledging the importance of a holistic approach to memorialization. Through this qualitative assessment, the research contributes to the broader discourse on memorial aesthetics, offering insights not only into the specific case of the Luwero Triangle but also serving as a valuable reference for the conceptualization and design of memorial spaces globally. As the findings unfold, this research aims to enrich the understanding of how architecture intertwines with emotional and cultural dimensions, ultimately shaping the aesthetics of remembrance in the context of Uganda's Luwero Triangle Memorial. The study's qualitative approach provides a nuanced perspective, offering a deeper comprehension of the symbiotic relationship between design, emotion, and collective memory.
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    AI Enabled Modulation Identification in Fiber Optic Networks
    (Makerere University, 2023-10-18) Masete, Ishak Moit
    Fiber optic communication systems have transformed telecommunications by enabling high-speed data transmission over long distances. Accurate identification of modulation formats is crucial for their success. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) offer a flexible infrastructure for high-capacity communication and optimize resources based on demand. Machine Learning (ML) is a promising approach for network-data analysis and automated network self-configuration. ML techniques address the growing complexity of optical networks caused by adjustable parameters and coherent technologies. In this project, the performance of CNN, ANN, and LSTM models was evaluated for Modulation Format Identification (MFI) in fiber optic communication systems. The models were trained on IQ Data, Amplitude histogram data, and Eye diagrams generated from simulated networks of different modulation formats. The evaluation aimed to determine the most suitable model for accurately identifying modulation formats in optical networks.
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    AI-Enabled Modulation Format Identification in Fiber-Optic Networks
    (Makerere University, 2023-07-05) Turyahabwa, Paul
    This report presents a comprehensive documentation of the final year project titled, “AI-Enabled Modulation Format Identification in Fiber-Optic Networks” Fiber optic communication systems have transformed modern telecommunications by enabling high-speed data transmission over long distances. Accurate identification of modulation formats used in these systems is crucial for their optimal performance. This project focuses on utilizing machine learning, specifically deep learning algorithms, to address the challenge of Modulation Format Identification (MFI) in Elastic Optical Networks (EONs). EONs offer a flexible and efficient infrastructure for high-capacity communication services, with dynamic optical spectrum allocation based on actual demand. The project involved simulations of optical networks with various modulation formats under diverse link conditions. Three deep learning models - Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) - were trained and evaluated using different data representations, i.e., IQ Data, Amplitude histogram data, and Eye diagrams respectively. CNN was chosen as the best-performing model that achieves highest accuracy of 100% as compared to the other models. Successful implementation of this approach can significantly enhance the performance and reliability of Fiber optic communication systems, thereby advancing the telecommunications industry.
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    An aid to quicken the approval process of structural drawing at KCCA for typical residential buildings.
    ( 2019) Kateeba, Gonzaga Aloysius ; Auma, Rose
    Low-rise residential buildings are relatively easy to design with few variations from one building to another. This implies it is easy to verify that structural drawings are sufficient and conform to the KCCA standards. The approval system follows “first come first serve” methodology. The simple residential buildings are placed in the same cue as the complex structures yet the approval of these residential buildings takes much lesser time, in other words there is no segregation of files. The emphasis of this research was to quicken the approval process of structural drawings for typical 2-Storey residential buildings at KCCA using the aid that we developed. The structural elements considered were concrete beams and slabs.
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    An aid to quicken the approval process of structural drawing at KCCA for typical residential buildings.
    ( 2019-05) Auma, Rose ; Kateeba, Gonzaga Aloysius
    Low-rise residential buildings are relatively easy to design with few variations from one building to another. This implies it is easy to verify that structural drawings are sufficient and conform to the KCCA standards. The approval system follows “first come first serve” methodology. The simple residential buildings are placed in the same cue as the complex structures yet the approval of these residential buildings takes much lesser time, in other words there is no segregation of files. The emphasis of this research was therefore to quicken the approval process of structural drawings for typical 2-Storey residential buildings at KCCA using the aid that we developed. The structural elements considered were concrete beams and slabs. Chapter one covers the introduction to this research and justifies as to why the research should be implemented at KCCA. Chapter two covers the literature review in relation to the research. It illustrates the approval process, level of compliance to this process in Kampala, the materials considered in the research and common methods of construction of residential buildings. Chapter three covers the methodology. It shows the methods and steps taken to develop the aid. Chapter four covers the analysis and results gotten using the methods shown in chapter three. The analysis covered the different typical element sections. Chapter five covers the challenges, conclusions and recommendations
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    Ambient backscatter communication for RFID tags.
    ( 2019-11-19) Nakku, Lillian
    A technology called ambient backscatter communication that requires no batteries or wires and depends on harvested RF energy to power the RFID tag has been proposed. Ambient backscatter communication is a mechanism in which a device can communicate with others by backscattering ambient radio frequency signals without any additional power supply. The ambient backscatter communication system consists of three main components; RF source, tag, and the reader. As devices get smaller, providing for wires and reader batteries becomes more expensive, ambient signals relatively represent a good source of power for RFID tags compared to reader batteries. RFID tags that rely on ambient signals minimize maintenance, cost and operation and open the possibility to increase the life span of the RFID reader battery. Ambient backscatter communication is fundamentally different from traditional backscatter radio communication because it involves only reverse link for describing the backscatter communication hence reducing on the analyzed read range limitations and power wasted in the forward link. Traditional backscatter communication which involves two distinct links: the forward link for powering the RFID tags and the reverse link that describes backscatter communication has both tag and reader parameters that limit the read range. The reverse link and forward link are examined in determining the power received by the tag, power backscattered to the reader and the operational range of the Passive UHF RFID systems. Factors such as tag sensitivity, RFID reader sensitivity and propagation environment are important parameters to consider in the limitation of the backscatter communication. We used mathematical equations in MATLAB to obtain the possible distance of coverage from the ambient energy backscattered by the tag and the energy incident by the RFID reader. The costs to maintain the same distance for both forward and reverse link were determined.
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    Analysis and Mitigation of Ferranti Effect on Long Low Loaded Power Distribution Networks.
    ( 2019-06-12) Baguma, Derick
    Ferranti effect is when the steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated distribution line is higher than the voltage at the sending end. This project presented the analysis & mitigation of Ferranti effect in the Kalangala Infrastructural Services (KIS) power distribution network. The analysis was based on software simulations with information obtained from the Bukuzindu hybrid power station operations data log of 1st – 9th of January 2019. The DIGI SILENT power factory 15.1 software gave the locus of sending end voltage with line length at lowest loading which showed that receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage. The MATLAB-Simulink program gave the models of the lumped-up KIS power network & the devices used in the mitigation of Ferranti effect. Both SVC (Static Var Compensator) and D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) are important shunt FACTS equipment for reactive power compensation, which were compared in response speed, amount of reactive power absorbed, & the amount of voltage reduced at the same rating. Simulation results were presented as the same controllable rated capacity for SVC or D-STATCOM was connected on the distribution bay of Bukuzindu power generation substation. D-STATCOM is much better than SVC with faster response speed, higher amount of reactive power absorbed, & higher amount of voltage reduced at the same rating & it was chosen as the most appropriate shunt FACTS device in the mitigation of Ferranti effect in the KIS power network.
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    Analysis and optimization of heat dissipation in an electric car battery rack.
    (Makerere University, 2022-10-11) Eyeru, Jacob
    his document is a proposal for a final year project titled Analysis and Optimization of heat dissipation in an electric car battery rack. The document has an introduction, literature review and methodology. The introduction covers the background, problem statement, project objectives, the project scope and justification while the literature review covers various cooling systems employed in modern electric cars, their advantages and challenges. The methodology covers the methods and techniques that will be used in making the project successful. This project generally aims at studying how heat is dissipated in electric car batteries and how this heat emission can be optimized to achieve the optimum battery performance. Other useful project information about the projected budget and working time is included in the document.
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    Analysis of air emissions from iron and steel industries in Uganda.
    (Makerere University, 2022-06-08) Bwette, Henry Owen
    Particulate matter (PM) is considered one of the primary air pollutants globally. As one of the highest energy consumption and pollution industries, the iron and steel industry is regarded as a significant source of particulate matter emission.PM is responsible for significant adverse health effects ranging from aggravated asthma and other respiratory symptoms to increased mortality rates due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases as well as lung cancer from short- and long-term exposure. Iron and steel industries activities like sintering, electric arc furnaces and rolling mills release these air emissions. However, significant data gaps were existing on the particular contribution of emissions from iron and steel industries in Uganda to air pollution, hence the need for this study. This report details the research in analysis of air emissions from iron and steel industries in Uganda and was geographically limited to industries in Kampala and metropolitan areas. PM10, PM2.5 and VOC measurements, obtained using an automatic slack gas tester were adopted from 5 industries and compared to WHO sand USA NAAQS. PM10 and PM2.5 measurements of only one of the five industries were able to meet the standards as the rest were far above accepted limits. For VOC, all of the 5 industries managed to meet the set standards. Unacceptable air quality standards in the industries were largely attributed to absence of adequate air quality control equipment. A section of people living and working near two of the five iron and steel industries in the study were also interviewed in a questionnaire. It was found out that the majority experienced abnormal health conditions attributed to air quality and also lacked the exposure to air quality information. Measures and recommendations were given to the various stakeholders in an attempt to curb the effects of air emissions from iron and steel industries.
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    Analysis of EMF exposure in 5G cellelar systems.
    ( 2022-02-25) Kasamba, David
    The project investigates human EMF exposure in 5G cellular systems in the downlinks through obtaining the range of possible Power Densities and Specific Absorption Rates. To do this, different 5G deployment scenarios (5G UMi, 5G Uma, and 5G Indoor) are done using NYUSIM simulator. Also with the same simulator, a 4G cellular system is modelled and simulated. Power Density and SAR in each of the scenarios is obtained from received Power values. The findings showed that SAR in 5G (especially 5G UMi and 5G indoor) was way higher as compared to 4G. No limit in terms of SAR has been set for frequencies higher than 10,000MHz. However, taking the limit of 2W/kg (for 10-10,000 MHz) into consideration, it was found that this limit is exceeded for close BS-UE separation. Two mitigation protocols were proposed (one for indoor and the other for outdoor) that could help minimize exposure in terms of SAR and also not to exceed a limit of 2W/kg. The indoor protocol is based on power control and the outdoor protocol puts emphasis on SAR shielding. It was found that the effect of this mitigation on data rates was a slight reduction.\\ The results obtained show that there is need for regulations for downlinks in terms of SAR at higher frequencies such as 28 GHz for outdoor and 60GHz for indoor.
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    Analysis of Haunch Width in Box Culvert for Optimal Design
    (Makerere University, 2024-06) Opiyo, Godfrey ; Mukundane, Innocent
    This study investigates the impact of varying haunch width on the design moments of box culverts. Employing a comprehensive approach, 48 models were developed and analyzed using MIDAS civil software. We modeled and analyzed both single celled and double celled box culverts. The analysis and design were based on EN 1992 and PD6694-1:2011. Reinforced concrete design was done according to BS EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1. Graphs of design moments against haunch widths; change in moments against haunch widths and total mass of steel against haunch widths were plotted as shown in the report. The results showed that increasing haunch widths had significant impacts on the top and bottom slab while there were no significant impacts on the side wall moments. The optimal haunch width for a 2mx2m and 3mx3m box culvert was determined to be 300mm and that for a 4mx4m and 5mx5m was determined to be 400mm. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing haunch width for various box culvert dimensions. Furthermore, significant reductions in moments and steel requirements were observed with optimal haunch width configurations. Notably, a 25% decrease in moments, along with 18% and 27% reductions in total steel usage, were recorded for 4x4 and 5x5 box culverts, highlighting the practical implications of haunch width optimization in box culvert design.
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    Analysis of Human EMF Exposure in 5G Cellular Systems
    (Makerere University, 2022-01-20) Mpawulo, Ronald Isaiah
    The project investigates human EMF exposure in 5G cellular systems in the downlinks through obtaining the range of possible Power Densities and Specific Absorption Rates. To do this, different 5G deployment scenarios (5G UMi, 5G UMa and 5G Indoor) are modelled and simulated using NYUSIM simulator. Also with the same simulator, a 4G cellular system is modelled and simulated. Different values of the received power at the UEs are obtained and an average at each of the distances is computed. Using the Average Received Power values, Power Density and SAR in each of the scenarios is obtained. A comparison between the 4G and 5G systems is made. Also a check was to find whether the PD and SAR are within the ICNIRP guidelines in terms of SAR and PD. The findings showed that SAR in 5G (especially 5G UMi and 5G indoor) was way higher as compared to 4G. However, the current ICNIRP guideline of not exceeding 2W/kg is for the frequency range of 10-10,000 MHz. No limit in terms of SAR has been set for frequencies higher than this. However, taking this limit into consideration, it was found that this limit is exceeded for close BS-UE separation. Two mitigation protocols were proposed (one for indoor and the other for outdoor) that could help minimize exposure in terms of SAR and also not to exceed a limit of 2W/kg. The indoor protocol is based on power control and the outdoor protocol puts emphasis on SAR shielding. Also the effect of this mitigation on data rates was found which was a slight reduction The results obtained show that there is need for regulations for down links in terms of SAR at higher frequencies such as 28 GHz for outdoor and 60GHz for indoor.
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    An Analysis of Physiotherapy Facilities' Spatial Design Requirements for Spinal Injured Patients.
    ( 2020-01) Ssemambya, Edmond
    Based on the recent rampant increase among the traumatic Spinal Injured patients at Mulago Hospital as reported by Nbs Television on 5th September 2019 through a news broadcast, the President of Uganda Association of Physiotherapy -Dr. Susan Akori said that Spinal Injuries have escalated to at least 30-50 cases on a daily basis at Mulago Hospital of which most of the patients are people working in offices. Akori also said that most of the patients received at Mulago Physiotherapy Department are affected by low back pain coupled with muscle spasms which last between 4-12 weeks. It is upon this background that this research seeks to analyze physiotherapy facilities‘ spatial design requirements for Spinal Injured Patients diagnosed at Mulago Hospital located within Kampala, Uganda. The research aimed at reviewing the planning and design principles considered for physiotherapy facilities. It also investigated how spatial layout and design of physiotherapy facilities influences the treatment of Spinal Injured patients. The research found out the extent to which the local existing physiotherapy facilities have considered planning and design principles for the treatment of Spinal Injured patients and lastly, the research also recommended standards of spaces that are dedicated to the treatment of Spinal Injured patients. Different research methodologies like qualitative and quantitative methods were used during this research process and they were achieved through the use of participatory observations, questionnaires, hand sketches, photography and tape measure. The use of questionnaires was both open and closed ended, carried out to understand the perceptions of physiotherapists, Spinal Injured patients and the patients‘ relatives regarding the spatial design requirements of physiotherapy facilities at Mulago Hospital. The photography method was used to have proper field work records / events during the research studies. The use of a tape measure was to determine overall dimensions of both Existing and As Built physiotherapy facilities within Mulago Hospital. Observations were also used to locate issues encountered and other nonverbal cues which the research participants could not openly disclose. Key findings showed that, despite the fact that the physiotherapy facilities were strategically located and providing average services to the patients, they still lacked standard user facilities needed especially in areas where the number of Spinal Injured patients kept on increasing dramatically. Adequate facilities for Patients‘ relatives were missing and there was less or no accommodation space, storage spaces as well as interactive environments. Mulago physiotherapy facilities were also not designed from scratch to favor specific spatial design requirements for Spinal Injured patients. The As Built physiotherapy facility seemed like a modification of spaces designed for other functions which in the long run affected the spatial layout and experience for the Spinal Injured patients. Nature inclusion into the design of the facilities was also limited. Finally, the recent design of Physiotherapy facilities within Mulago Hospital was not really up to standards in terms of functional, psychological and specific spatial design requirements for Spinal Injured patients and other users at large. From a design perspective, Mulago physiotherapy facilities tried to respond to the Spinal Injured patients‘ needs through various design aspects. For example; the use of ramps that make circulation or movement of wheelchair SI patients comfortable, the use of some specific spaces that are required for a functional, healthier and comfortable healing environment for Spinal Injured patients i.e. (occupational therapy, physical therapy, SI patients‘ rooms) among others. However, the facilities also lacked Spinal Injured patients‘ car parking spaces and better functional waiting areas. During peak hours of the day, a number of patients reporting to the Existing facility had no space for parking and therefore ended up using the nearby access road which hindered vehicular traffic flow. Despite the fact that the As Built facility had some specific spaces designed for the SI patient, it also lacked a number of primary spaces according to the design standards. For example; Multipurpose room, kinesiotherapy space, patients‘ clinics, Urodynamics Laboratory, Dayroom, among others. It is recommended that these specific spaces can be added to the Existing Physiotherapy Facility through engaging professional organizations in the building and construction industry like USA and UNABCEC in conjunction with the Ministry of Health. These organizations should come up with strict design and construction supervision policies or regulations governing proper planning and design of physiotherapy Facilities. These policies must be proposed as well as followed accordingly and failure to abide with them, legal action should be put in place.
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    An analysis of public outdoor children play spaces in Kampala
    (Kampala, Makerere University, 2018-09) Remus, Nicole
    "There is no effective right to play without a safe space to play" - Child Friendly Cities This research analyzed selected public outdoor children play spaces in Kampala in order to determine whether they are suited to the needs of both the children in Kampala and their caretakers. Play is important to the social, intellectual and physical development of children while providing an activity that strengthens community bonds. In the rapidly growing city of Kampala, the availability of publicly accessible, safe, inclusive and free community spaces for children to play appears to be dismal. According to the KCCA Strategic Plan 2014/ 15 - 2018/19, most residential neighborhoods in the city lack public open space, gardens, parks and playgrounds. The few developed and maintained ones are located in the city center and appear to be closed off. There is a certain demographic of children that can access the commercialized playgrounds within Kampala but these leave out the children of the urban poor as well as some middle income families. Kampala appears to have developed vertically, leaving no playable space for children in the city. It was therefore important to investigate whether children are taken into consideration as cities develop formally or informally and how the existing play facilities can be added to or enhanced in order to cater to the needs of the children of different demographics and their caretakers. The research took a qualitative approach and specifically employed exploratory and descriptive methods in order to establish how the play spaces were utilized and the challenges that the users experienced. It employed the case study approach to three public spaces in Kampala; Centenary Park, Kitintale Skate Park and Nakawa Park. The findings of this research exposed the lack of public play spaces for children and the inadequacy of the existing ones. There was lack of play equipment, user amenities and supervision and the children spaces were comparatively fewer than adult spaces. The study however also revealed that there were some benefits to children and caretakers offered by those play spaces. Therefore, is is important for the city to include more informed design towards child specific places in order to cater to the developmental needs of the children and to the practical needs of their caretakers.
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    Analysis of quality of service in the controller management of software defined networks (SDN)
    (Makerere University, 2023-09-29) Sempira, Fredrick
    Software-defined networking (SDN) is a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize network management by providing fine-grained control over QoS for network traffic. This project aims to analyze the QoS in controller management of software-defined networks using the Open Daylight (ODL) controller, Mininet, and Wireshark. The project involved the creation of a simulated SDN network using Mininet and the management of the network using the ODL controller. Network traffic was captured and analyzed using Wireshark. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of the ODL controller in managing QoS in the SDN net work. The results obtained demonstrated that the ODL controller effectively managed QoS in the simulated SDN network. Different types of traffic were prioritized appropriately, resulting in varying levels of QoS. Furthermore, the performance of the ODL controller remained unaffected even with an increased number of flows in the network. Based on these findings, the ODL controller exhibits promising capabilities for QoS management in SDN networks. However, additional research is required to evaluate its performance in real-world SDN environments.
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    Analysis of quality of service in the controller management of Software Defined Networks (SDN)
    (Makerere University, 2023-07-07) Senkungu, Henry
    Software-defined networking (SDN) is a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize network management by providing fine-grained control over QoS for network traffic. This project aims to analyze the QoS in controller management of software-defined networks using the OpenDaylight (ODL) controller, Mininet, and Wireshark. The project involved the creation of a simulated SDN network using Mininet and the management of the network using the ODL controller. Network traffic was captured and analyzed using Wireshark. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of the ODL controller in managing QoS in the SDN network. The results obtained demonstrated that the ODL controller effectively managed QoS in the simulated SDN network. Different types of traffic were prioritized appropriately, resulting in varying levels of QoS. Furthermore, the performance of the ODL controller remained unaffected even with an increased number of flows in the network. Based on these findings, the ODL controller exhibits promising capabilities for QoS management in SDN networks. However, additional research is required to evaluate its performance in real- world SDN environments.
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    Analysis of the effect of hydration characteristics of Lime Pozzolan Gypsum binders on their Mechanical properties.
    (Makerere University, 2025) Twikirize, Maliza ; Kyarikunda, Dennis
    This study evaluated volcanic ash-based binders with volcanic ash to lime to gypsum mix ratios of 80:15:05, 65:30:05, 75:20:05, and 70:25:05, and assessed compressive strength, hydration level, water absorption, and lime reaction at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days, focusing on durability for N-type blocks (water absorption ≤14%). The 80:15:05 ratio exhibited the highest strength (2–5 MPa), with hydration increasing from 62.5% to 77.5%, showing a good correlation, and reaching 80% on day 7. Water absorption increased from 2.83% to 7.27%, which is within the specified limit. However, the rising porosity might pose a threat to durability. The lime consumption was low (10–12), indicating efficient utilization. The 65:30:05 with surplus lime showed hydration (77.5–80%) but low strength (3.5–4 MPa), as the surplus lime formed weak hydration phases. Water absorption decreased from 5.31% to 4.204%, which is within acceptable limits, but high lime consumption (22–24) fails to enhance durability. The 75:20:05 mix balanced between hydration (75–77.5%) and strength (2.21–5.67 MPa), but lime consumption stood at 15–16, and absorption rose to 5.95%, posing hazards to durability. The 70:25:05 ratio, with 80–80.5% hydration, had flat strength (1.76–3.89 MPa) and high absorption (4.97–9.34%), meeting the standard but losing durability. Reducing porosity and adjusting ash-to-lime ratios can enhance strength and durability for N-type applications. The combined interpretation of free lime content, lime consumption trends, compressive strength development, degree of hydration and durability in terms of water absorption revealed that the binder mix design significantly influences both the rate and effectiveness of the pozzolanic reaction. Among the four tested formulations, Mix 75:20:05 stood out as the most efficient in terms of both reactivity and mechanical performance qualifying it for use in making of blocks while 80:15:5 mix stood out as the most effective for use in the low strength construction as mortar, render etc. because of its lime consumption, degree of hydration positive correlation with compressive strength.