School of Biosecurity, Biotechnolgy and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS)

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    Acute dermal toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta Indica used locally in treatment of Acne
    (Makerere University, 2021-01) Kiiza, Elizabeth
    In developing countries, herbal medicines are largely prioritized due to cultural acceptability, ready availability and low cost.Although some herbal medicines have promising potential and are widely used, many of them remain untested and their use also not monitored. Therefore,this study aimed at evaluating the acute dermal toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indicaused in the treatment of acne. A controlled experimental study which involved extraction, phytochemical screening, acute dermal toxicity testing, cutaneous LD50determination, observation of clinical manifestation and histopathological examination was carried out in Wistar albino rats. Four experimental groups were used each containing three wistar rats. Animals in groups1, 2 and 3 were topically administered with4ml of 4000mg/kg, 8000mg/kg and 10,000mg/kgof aqueous extract of A. indicarespectively whileGroup 4 received 4ml of distilled water (Negative control). The differences in the mean weight, water intake and feed intake between the control and treatment groups was determined using repeated measure One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and their respective p values were reported at 0.05 level of significance. The most abundant phytochemicals were Saponins, Flavonoids, Tannins and phenolic compounds. Few hours after application of the extract, many animals from the test and control groups showed some signs of discomfort and restlessness by movements around the cage. After 24 hours, very slight and moderate erythema/oedema on skin was observed in the treatment group subjected to 8000mg/kg and 10000 mg/kg body weight dose of Azadirachta indica extract respectively. At 4000 mg/kg body weight, there was skin erosion,at 8000 mg/kg body weight there was incomplete healing, erosion of epidermis and loss of keratin layer in the skin. At 10000 mg/kg body weight healing was complete but keratin layer not deposited. The LD50of A. indicawas greater than 10000 mg/kg body weight. There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of water(P-value 0.0004) andamountof feeds (P-value <0.0001)takenbycontrol group and treatmentgroup that received 10000 kg/mg body weight dose. There was a statistically significant difference in the weight of the animals inall treatment groups when compared tothe control group (p value <0.05).There should also be more understanding into the sub-chronic and chronic dermal toxicity of A. indica extract. Further studies should be done on other experimental animals to ascertain the variability in the dermal toxicity of aqueous extract of A. indicaon other speciesKey words: Acute dermal toxicity, A. indica, Wistar albino rats, phytochemicals
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    Adherence and factors associated with adherence to Tuberculosis treatment among HIV patients accessing health care services at Mengo Hospital
    (Makerere University, 2023) Webombesa, Sarah
    Background: TB is a highly contagious disease affecting a big number of people and is majorly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study had a purpose of assessing the adherence and factors associated with TB treatment among TB-HIV coinfected patients at Mengo hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the adherence and factors associated with adherence to TB treatment among 80 randomly selected HIV positive patients at Mengo hospital in May 2023. Data was collected by use of a questionnaire and later on analysed Results: The findings were such that the rate of adherence to TB treatment was only 37.5%. The factors that negatively affected adherence to TB treatment among study participants were forgetfulness to take TB medication (62.5% vs 37.5%), being too busy or busy with work (90% vs 5.3%), stigma (77.8% vs 54.7%), alcohol consumption (73.1% vs 58.5%), age of 30 to 49 years, and male gender (66.7% vs 33.3%). Conclusion: The rate of adherence to TB treatment was found to be low and a number of factors deterred adherence to TB treatment like forgetfulness, being too busy with work among others. Recommendations: We recommend that the government of Uganda through its Ministries of Health and Local Government should continue sensitizing masses of people about TB being a curable disease which needs to be treated early enough to avoid complications. This will minimize the stigma associated with the disease among the community members. Mengo Hospital through its outreach programmes should strengthen support supervision and improve counselling in order to increase adherence and minimize forgetfulness and stigma associated with TB treatment. They should also health educate people about not taking alcohol in order to improve treatment adherence.
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    Aflatoxins and ochratoxins detection in cinnamon spices sold in selected supermarkets in Kira Municipality, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2022-12) Nakalembe, Latifah
    Spices are one of the flavoring components of food in the cooking recipes of different nations that are used daily. Studies have shown that, these ingredients may be contaminated by toxicogenic fungi and subsequent production of mycotoxins that cannot be neutralized through cooking. In Uganda, cinnamon is one of the commonest spices used and often sold in supermarkets, but there is limited literature about its safety in terms of mycotoxin contamination which could lead to serious health hazards. In the present study, the possible contamination of cinnamon spices by aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin (OT) was investigated from samples collected around different supermarkets in Kira municipality, Uganda. A total of 27 powdered cinnamon spice samples were purchased from supermarkets around Kira municipality. Extraction of AF and OT was done using solvent extraction method at Analytical Biosciences Laboratory, Makerere University AR grade reagents were used and additionally, screening of AF and OT was done using thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography respectively. Data was analyzed using STATA software package version 15, and the respective frequencies of each mycotoxin calculated and results recorded. The results showed that all the screened cinnamon spice samples were contaminated with AF and 26 samples (96.3%) with OT. Regarding the high mycotoxins contamination in cinnamon spices as shown in the current study, this indicates that there is a high yet unregulated consumption of mycotoxins in the community which has been proven to be detrimental to health. A quantitative study should be carried out and regular effective surveillance by UNBS and quality control procedures are highly recommended.
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    Anemia and it's associated risk factors among teenage pregnant women attending prenatal care at Bukomero Health Centre lV
    (Makerere University, 2023-01-25) Ndunguki, Emmanuel
    Anemia in pregnancy represents a global public health concern due to wide ranging maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in all peripartum periods. I estimated the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in pregnancy at Bukomero HCIV Kiboga district Uganda.The main objective was to determine the prevalence of anemia in teenage pregnant women. I conducted a cross sectional study among 280 teenage pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at Bukomero Health Centre IV-Kiboga Uganda from September to October 2022.Anemia in pregnancy was defined as Hb level of <11.0g/dl.A total sample size of 280 participants was studied out of which the mean hemoglobin level was 11.4g/dl, hemoglobin standard deviation was of 1.45, the maxim hemoglobin level recorded was 14.3g/dl and the minimum recorded hemoglobin level was 4.8g/dl giving a range of 9.5g/dl.Despite the study having higher prevalence (35.4%) compared to other studies in Uganda, these findings further confirm that anemia in pregnancy is still of public health significance and is likely to have nutritional causes requiring targeted interventions.A larger study would be necessary to obtain a pooled prevalence of anemia in teenage mothers in the central region of Uganda
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    Anemia prevalence and its associated factors amongst children age under 5 years attending OPD Kigumba Health Centre 3 Kiryandongo District Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2024) Anguyo, Pollycarp
    The study investigated hemoglobin levels and its associated factors among children age under 5 years attending the out patient department at kigumba health centre iii, kiryandongo district. The sample size was 131 children. A systematic sampling technique was used to collect data on the targeted population. The study adopted a cross sectional study design where data was collected at a single point in time. Using a multivariate analysis, the researcher examined the relationship between the associated factors with anemia. The research results revealed a prevalence of 38.2% as compared to the national which is at 37.8%. Furthermore, the findings in Table 5, Table 7 indicate that the level of education, occupation of the parents, family income and sicklecell were significantly associated (P<0.005) with anemia (P=0.004), (P=0.034), (P=0.00), (P=0.00) at 95%CI respectively. However the age did not have a statistical significance (P=0.591>0.005) at 95%CI and a positive correlation with anemia. These results contribute to the understanding of anemia and its associated factors. The prevalence in this research shows no big difference with the national prevalence, meaning the current measures are likely not working or are not being implemented well. This calls for a multifactorial approach with new interventions coupled with rigorous implementation of the current interventions to reduce the prevalence of anemia among this age group
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    Anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extract Of Allium Sativum against archived Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus Aureus
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Kalema, Leymon
    This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of A. sativum on S. typhi and S. aureus. This cross-sectional evaluation was carried out in the microbiology laboratory Mulago, between April and July 2019. Samples of A. sativum were obtained from a local market. It was thoroughly, cleaned, and peeled sterilized with ethanol and then washed with clean water. Standard isolates of S. typhi and S. aureus obtained from an archive in Mulago Hospital were cultured on Mueller Hinton agar. Ethanolic extract of A. sativum was prepared using mortar and pestle for grinding and muslin cloth was used to obtain the liquid part of the extract, after which the extract was taken to oven to evaporate ethanol, and put into the rotary evaporator to remove the remaining water then the stock concentration was made. The antibacterial activity of A. sativum was tested on S. typhi and S. aureus using agar well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plates, MIC and MBC. The diameters of Inhibition zones of growth were measured in millimeter (mm), the dilution of 1:0 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms with 39mm on S. aureus and 28mm on S. typhi. And for MIC, a higher concentration of the 50mg/ml A. sativum extract was required to inhibit the growth of S. typhi and S. aureus and the least concentration that followed dilution of extract that inhibited bacterial growth was 25mg/ml. Minimum bactericidal concentration, the plates that cultured test tubes 1 to 2, showed no bacterial growth while plate used for culturing test tube 3 showed pure growth for S. aureus and for S. typhi all plates showed no bacterial growth this indicated that the concentration needed for killing Gram-positive (S. aureus) was 100mg/ml and that of Gram-negative was 50mg/ml.
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    Anti-diabetic effect of extracts of persea americana seeds and artocarpus heterophyllus lam seeds in wistar albino rats
    (Makerere University, 2023-09) Jjombwe, Nathan
    Diabetes mellitus, a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder, is a major global health concern affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The increasing prevalence of diabetes calls for effective and affordable therapeutic options. Medicinal plants have gained considerable attention as potential sources of natural remedies for various diseases, including diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effects of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (AH) and Persea americana (PA) seed extracts in Wistar Albino rats. The extracts of AH and PA seeds were prepared using water and ethanol as solvents. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and saponins in both water and ethanolic extracts. These compounds are known for their potential antidiabetic properties, making the extracts promising candidates for diabetes management. In an experimental study, 27 healthy Wistar Albino rats were used to assess the antidiabetic effects of the extracts. The rats were divided into nine groups and treated with different formulations, including individual and mixed extracts in both water and ethanol solutions. Fasting blood glucose levels were monitored at regular intervals over a period of 15 days. Results demonstrated that both water and ethanolic extracts of PA seeds significantly reduced blood glucose levels. Water extract of AH seeds also showed significant antidiabetic effects, while ethanolic extract of AH seeds exhibited moderate effectiveness. The mixture of PA and AH seed extracts in water showed particularly promising results, with the rats showing signs of healing comparable to those treated with the positive control drug, glibenclamide. In conclusion, the study findings support the potential of AH and PA seed extracts as natural remedies for diabetes management. The identified phytochemicals, such as phenolics and flavonoids, likely contribute to their antidiabetic effects by enhancing insulin secretion, reducing insulin resistance, and promoting glucose metabolism. Further research is warranted to identify and quantify the specific active compounds and investigate the underlying mechanisms of action. AH and PA seed extracts hold great promise as potential therapeutic options for diabetes management. Their natural origin, coupled with the observed antidiabetic effects, presents an exciting avenue for the development of safe and effective complementary therapies in the fight against diabetes.
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    Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of an ethanolic extract of aerial parts of oxygonum sinuatum in albino mice
    (Makerere University, 2019-10) Mbolwa, Francis
    Oxygonum sinuatum locally called Kafumita bagenda, is traditionally used for relieving pain and inflammation in conditions including tonsillitis, wounds and boils. The study aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of this plant in albino mice. Qualitative phytochemical screening was done using procedures adopted by Sofowara and Harborne, with modifications. The animals were randomized into three test groups and two control groups of four animals each. The test groups received 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg, respectively of the crude concentrate. Negative and positive control group received 10ml/kg of distilled water and 10mg/kg of diclofenac sodium per os, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effect was tested on egg albumin-induced paw oedema while the analgesic effect was tested using the acetic acid-induced writhing response. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and significance tested using the student’s t-test at 5% level of significance. The extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg orally) significantly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently inhibited egg albumin-induced mouse paw oedema compared with control group. Four hours after administration of egg albumin, the highest dose of the extract (800 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited oedema formation by 100%. This was comparable to the standard drug, diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, p.o.) which also gave an inhibition of 100% at 4 hours. The extract also exhibited a significant dose-dependent analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing test as evidenced by the reduction in the number of writhes at 200, 400 and 800mg/kg compared to the control. The 800 mg/kg dose produced a similar percentage inhibition of writhing (87.8%) compared to the standard drug diclofenac sodium (87.3%). The results obtained in this study provide some evidence that O. sinuatum contains active substances with potential for relieving pain and inflammation.
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    Anti-salmonella activity of Ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Allium sativum
    (Makerere University, 2019-08) Wangolo, Gilbert
    Salmonella infections (typhoid fever) are among the leading public health threat in Uganda. Conventional drugs have been effectively used in the treatment of infections however, they are faced with many challenges which include; antimicrobial resistance, being expensive, inaccessibility to the people in remote areas and many side effects. Consequently, people have resorted to natural remedies such as Allium sativum and Eucalyptus globulus either singly or in combination. However, these have not been scientifically evaluated to be working effectively against typhoid fever. This study, therefore, sort to determine the Anti-salmonella activity of ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus globulus, Allium sativum, and their combinations. A concentration of 70% ethanol was used to obtain the residues of Allium sativum and Eucalyptus globulus, the residues were then reconstituted to obtain five extracts of a stock solution 400mg/ml which included; A. sativum, E. globulus and their combinations of ratios 1:1 (A. sativum: E. globulus), 1:2 (A. sativum: E. globulus), and 2:1 (A. sativum: E. globulus). Clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi were used as the test organism. The study employed agar well diffusion assay to determine inhibition zone diameters and broth dilution assay was employed to determine the MIC and MBC. Eucalyptus globulus had a slightly higher percentage yield of 11.9% compared to that of A. sativum 11.3%. Allium sativum had the highest inhibition zone diameter (32.67±0.88) mm as compared to the rest including the positive control (Ciprofloxacin), minimum inhibition concentration (16.2mg/ml) and minimum bacterial concentration (12.4mg/ml). There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.01) between A. sativum and positive control. Therefore it can be concluded that Allium sativum had a higher antibacterial activity hence can be used in the management of S. typhi without combining it with E. globulus. However, further research should be carried comparing different types of solvents in the extraction, phytochemicals analysis, and more scientific evidence is required based on randomized clinical trials in order to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Allium sativum and Eucalyptus globulus against Salmonella typhi in vivo and its effect on prevention or reduction of typhoid fever.
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    Antibacterial activity and phytochemical composition of crude acqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds of rotheca myricoides against selected enteric gram negative bacteria isolated from diarhoeic children attending Mulago National Referral Hospital
    (Makerere University, 2020-02) Ayinkamiye, Christine
    Background Rotheca myricoides, commonly called blue glory bower or blue butterfly bush, is a suckering evergreen shrub with a somewhat open habit which grows rapidly to 6-10' tall and as wide in its native habitat but more typically to 2-4’ tall in containers. It is native to tropical eastern Africa (Kenya and Uganda). It is also found in other African countries such as Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Burundi, DRC, Rwanda, Ethiopia and South Africa. This shrub was formerly known as Clerodendrum myricoides. It is used as animal feed and also used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders and other conditions such as cancers etc. Studies have shown that this is possible due to different phytochemicals that compose this plant. Methods The current study was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of the Rotheca myricoides plant extracts against selected gram negative bacteria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of both leaf and seed aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts against selected gram-negative bacteria pathogens notably E. coli and S. species. The antibacterial activity was carried out by agar well diffusion technique against the bacterial pathogens and the zone of inhibition was measured in mm diameter and minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated on every organism. Results In the study, Rotheca myricoides extract was found to be effective on the all organisms tested. In leaf extracts, the highest zone of inhibition was 20.25+_1.89mm and highest minimum inhibitory 0.125g/ml for E. coli and 28.50+_0.29mm and highest minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.063g/ml for S. species. In seed extracts the highest zone of inhibition was 18.34+_1.70mm and the highest minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.125g/ml for E. coli and the highest zone of inhibition of 23.63+_0.24mm and the highest minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.125g/ml for S. species.
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    Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ficus Natalensis (Natal Fig) stem bark against laboratory archived isolates of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
    (Makerere University, 2021-01) Katende, Umaru
    Antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a public health challenge globally. Due to the development of antimicrobial resistance worldwide, natural products from higher plants have traditionally been regarded as important sources of antimicrobial agents. These have attracted extensive attention in fundamental research and clinical applications. WHO indicates about 80% of the African population uses traditional medicine for primary health care and in most of the African countries, traditional healers administer plant remedies to patients suffering from sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Ficus natalensis against laboratory archived isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ficus natalensis stem bark were prepared and tested using agar-well diffusion method against laboratory archived isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultured on sterile plates of chocolate Agar. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for both extracts were also determined. Ceftriaxone and sterile distilled water were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Both aqueous and methanolic Ficus natalensis stem bark extracts showed antibacterial activity against laboratory archived isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Aqueous stem bark extract showed higher antibacterial activity than methanolic extract. Methanolic stem bark extract had a higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) compared to that of aqueous extract (MIC). Therefore, both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ficus natalensis stem bark show antibacterial activity against laboratory archived isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; the aqueous extract having the higher activity. The finding that Ficus natalensis has antibacterial effect serves to suggest that there is a potential in discovering novel antibacterial agents from bark cloth tree. This however needs further investigation.
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    Antibacterial activity of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara from Ibanda, Western Uganda on archived Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
    (Makerere University, 2019-10) Nyamwiza, Miria
    Current strategies to overcome the global problem of antimicrobial resistance include research in finding new antimicrobials from plants. Studies have documented that some plants contain bioactive compounds known as phytochemicals that possess preventative and curative properties. Notably, phytochemical composition and concentration vary according to soil properties and climatic conditions. Therefore, this study screened for the presence of phytochemicals and determined antibacterial activity of the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Lantana camara leaves from Ibanda District, South-Western, Uganda. The phytochemical screening of the plant leaf extracts was done by observing colour changes resulting from reactions between phytochemicals present and specific reagents. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done following the agar well diffusion method. Similarly, the potency of the aqueous, methanol and ethanol extracts involved measuring the activities of the three extracts at 15mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 30mg/ml according to agar-well diffusion method. This study revealed that the three Lantana camara extracts contained tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids albeit at different intensities. Generally, all the three extracts had activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, ethanol extract exhibited better activity (mean zone of inhibition;16.36±0.82 mm) than aqueous extract (4.07±0.69 mm) and methanol extract (10.7±0.95 mm) for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Correspondingly, ethanol had mean zone of inhibition (13.20 ±0.68 mm) than methanol extract (8.44±0.95 mm) and aqueous extract (2.71±0.64 mm) for K. pneumoniae. This study has demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Lantana camara leaf extracts and therefore Lantana camara plant in our geographical setting can be a potential candidate in search for alternative antimicrobials. Thus, a comprehensive study should be conducted to quantify the phytochemical composition of different parts of the Lantana camara plant and evaluate the safety of the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the plant.
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    Antibacterial activity of Kigelia Africana Methanolic, Ethanolic, and Aqueous extracts against Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus isolated from the wounds of the diabetic patients attending care in Mulago Hospital
    (Makerere University, 2021-01) Gusenga, Adeline Pivoine
    African plant Kigelia africana belonging to the family Bignoniaceae is widely distributed in South, Central, and West Africa. Different parts of K. africana have been used for various medicinal purposes by ethnic groups in different parts of the world for the treatment of common skin diseases such as fungal infections, cancer gynecological complaints, constipation, tapeworm infection, jaundice, ulcers, sores, pneumonia, malaria, diabetes, and waist pain among the others. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Kigelia africana leaves and bark extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic wounds. Methodology: In vitro antibacterial activity of extracts was tested against two bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by agar diffusion method. Ethanol and sterile distilled water were used as negative control and oxytetracycline was used as a positive control. Methanolic extracts of bark of Kigelia africana showed remarkable activity against both bacterial strains as compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Results: Overall, the comparative analysis revealed that bark and leaves extract exhibited the most remarkable antibacterial activity against the tests bacteria as compared to flowers extracts. For bark highest zone of inhibition for P. aeruginosa was 10mm for methanolic extract and staphylococcus aureus 24mm for methanolic extract the highest minimum inhibition concentration was 0.125g/ml, and 0.25g/ml for P. aeruginosa, and staphylococcus aureus respectively. For the flower, the Highest zone of inhibition for P. aeruginosa was 6 mm for methanolic extract and staphylococcus aureus 12mm for methanolic extract and the highest minimum inhibition concentration was 0.5g/ml, and 0.5g/ml for P. aeruginosa, and staphylococcus aureus respectively. For leaves Highest zone of inhibition in P. aeruginosa was 4mm for methanolic extract and staphylococcus aureus 14mm for aqueous extract and the highest minimum inhibition concentration was 0.125g/ml, and 0.25g/ml for P. aeruginosa, and staphylococcus aureus respectively. Conclusion and recommendations: All Kigelia africana methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts showed the antibacterial effects against pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus. Generally, the bark extract has a high antimicrobial effect compared to flower and leaves extract on the organisms tested and it was found that Staphylococcus aureus trended to be more ix susceptible than P. aeruginosa. The finding that the plant has an antibacterial effect showed that the Kigelia africana extracts can be used as an alternative in management of pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus infections in a diabetic patient. This however needs further investigation to determine Toxicity of Kigelia to establish the safety levels for use as an antibiotic.
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    Antibacterial activity of Plectranthus cyaneus leaf extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
    (Makerere University, 2022-12-06) Mukama, William
    Drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is becoming an increasing problem to human health. In order to find alternative therapy against these drug resistant pathogens, there is need to screen natural herbs that have historically been used for treatment hence the aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Plectranthus cyaneus on E. coli and S. aureus.During this study, aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Plectranthus cyaneus were used and the phytochemical profile of these extracts was determined. Thereafter, the activity of the extracts was assessed on two pathogenic microorganisms i.e., E. coli and S. aureus and three methods were used during the study, that is,(a) the agar gel well diffusion assay for antibacterial susceptibility, (b) the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Determination and (c) the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration determination.The phytochemicals detected were;saponins (+++),tannins(++), flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides (+). S. aureus was susceptible to the extracts with mean diameters of25.5±2.121mm for aqueous extracts and 19±0.000mm for methanolic extracts whereas E. coli was resistant to both aqueous and methanolic extracts.The mean minimum inhibitory concentrations for S. aureus were 1.953±0E-7mg/ml and 2.929±1.381mg/ml for aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively. Also, the minimum bactericidal concentrations for S. aureus were 11.791±5.523mg/ml for aqueous extract and 4.883±4.143mg/ml for methanolic extract meaning that the drug should be admitted in those concentrations to be able to inhibit or kill S. aureus respectively. This study suggests that Plectranthus cyaneus leaf extracts has potential for treatment of wounds caused by S. aureus. MIC and MBC results showed no statistical significance when the activity of the two solvents was compared (p>0.05),so both solvents don’t give similar results meaning Plectranthus cyaneus is more effective with one solvent than the other.
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    Antibacterial activity of Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus
    (Makerere University, 2019-09) Galiwango, Arnold Benjamin
    Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen capable of causing a wide range of diseases. In recent years, the emergence of resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains to many antibiotics has been observed worldwide. Indigenous medicinal plants with capacity to treat various infections have inspired the continuous interest in laboratory screening of medicinal plants, not only to determine the scientific rationale for their usage, but also to discover new active components. The objectives of this study were;(1) to determine the phytochemical profile of Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract, (2) to determine the antibacterial activity of Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract towards Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to conventional therapy(cloxacillin), (3) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract on Staphylococcus aureus.The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by agar well diffusion method (AWD) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract on Staphylococcus aureuswere determined by broth dilution method. The findings of the study were that; tannins, reducing sugars, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides and flavonols were found in Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract. The antibacterial activity of Psorospermum febrifugum leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus was significantly lower than that of cloxacillin. The MIC and MBC values for Psorospermum febrifugum were 93.75mg/ml and 46.875mg/ml respectively. In conclusion, Psorospermum febrifugum had significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of the leaf extract in the treatment of infections associated with Staphylococcus aureus.
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    Antibacterial activity of raw honey from Rulindo district, Rwanda against staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia coli
    (Makerere University, 2019-09) Ishimwe, Gentille
    This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of raw honey from northern Rwanda against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using modified Kirby-Bauer Agar well diffusion methods. The MBC and MIC were established using two folds serial dilution methods respectively. The sensitivity exhibited by the honey sample against the two microorganisms was on average of 13.5mm and 16.5mm for E. coli and staphylococcus aureus respectively. The honey sample used showed significant inhibition against both bacterial species. The MICs of the bacterial species were 0.25µl/ml and 0.5µl/ml for S. aureus and E. coli respectively. The MBC value of raw honey sample used was 0.5 µl/ml for both microorganisms used. The result from this study shown that S.aureus was very sensitive to raw honey while E.coli was least sensitive to the honey sample used. From the study, it was concluded that raw honey has antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli species and it can be used in wound management.
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    Antibacterial activity of undiluted natural honey against opportunistic pathogens causing wound sepsis in humans
    (Makerere University, 2022-11) Akankwasa, Brenda
    The antibacterial activity of honey was tested against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Agar well diffusion was the method used. The honey showed antibacterial activity against tested organisms with the zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 10mm to 15mm where E. coli showed 10mm and 11mm for the wild and control strains respectively while S. aureus showed 14mm and 15mm for the wild and control strains respectively. Staphylococcus aureus were found to be more susceptible as compared to E. coli. The dye reduction assay gave minimum inhibitory concentrations value ranges from 7.8125mg/ml to 15.625mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 125mg/ml to 500mg/ml. The study showed that honey has antibacterial activity (bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect), against the organisms and provides alternative therapy against certain bacteria.
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    Antibacterial activity of zingiber officinale extract on common bacterial pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections
    (Makerere university, 2021-01) Wanyana, Dorah
    The ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) is known to be rich in secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, volatile sesquiterpenes and monoterpenoids. These specific phytochemicals and essential oils are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of ginger. However, there is limited information regarding the efficacy and efficiency of these herbal products. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, two bacterial organisms known to cause pneumonia in humans. An experimental study was conducted using aqueous and ethanolic extracts from ginger rhizomes collected from farms in Butambala, Mpigi district in central Uganda. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests were carried out. The alkaline reagent was used for Flavonoids, Dragendorff’s reagent was used for alkaloids and Iron (III) chloride was used for phenols. Agar well diffusion method was used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale. The extracts were found to have various quantities of phytochemicals including; Phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, Terpenoids and Flavonoids. Overall, the ethanol extract showed better activity against all the bacteria than the aqueous extract. S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.0625 mg/ml and 0.125mg/ml for ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale with a 1.0 mg/ml minimum bactericidal concentration respectively. K. pneumoniae had the highest minimum inhibitory concentration of >2.0 mg/ml and 2.0 mg/ml for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. There were significant differences between the activity of ginger ethanol extract and aqueous extracts against P. aeruginosa (P <0.05). The ginger extract was more effective than aqueous extract. Therefore, Zingiber officinale is a promising candidate for the formulation of drugs for the treatment of pneumonia.
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    Antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Aspilia mossambicensis from Hoima district, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2021-12) Kirungi, Moses
    Current strategies to overcome the global problem of antimicrobial resistance include research in finding new and innovative antimicrobials from plants. This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aspilia mossambicensis leaves which are used in folklore medicine to treat infections of microbial origin in Hoima district, Uganda. Materials and methods: Ethanol and aqueous extracts were derived and screened for their antimicrobial activity against Standard cultures of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion assays at concentrations of 15, 30 and 50 mg/ml. Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides, excluding Alkaloids. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus whereas E. coli showed total resistance. The extracts were also effective against fungi tested; Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The aqueous and ethanol extracts showed lower antimicrobial activity against the study organisms compared to streptomycin and Miconazole. Similarly, ethanol extracts exhibited better activity than aqueous extracts. This in vitro study corroborated the antimicrobial activity of Aspilia mossambicensis used in folklore medicine.
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    Antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of conyza sumatrensis from Namayingo District, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Owori, Benard
    Current strategies to overcome the global problem of antimicrobial resistance include research in finding new and innovative from plants. This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Conyza sumatrensis leaves which are used in folklore medicine to treat infections of microbial origin in Namayingo district, Uganda. Ethanol and aqueous extracts were derived and screened for their antimicrobial activity against Standard cultures of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion assays at concentrations of 15, 30 and 50 mg/ml. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Alkaloids were however not found. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus whereas E. coli showed total resistance. The extracts were also effective against the test fungi; Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The aqueous and ethanol extracts showed lower antimicrobial activity against the study organisms compared to streptomycin and Miconazole. Similarly, ethanol extracts exhibited better activity than aqueous extracts. This in vitro study corroborated the antimicrobial activity of Conyza sumatrensis used in folklore medicine. The plant could be a potential source of new antimicrobial agents.