Utilization and conservation of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (bitter leaf) in Sironko District, areas of Mount Elgon

Abstract

This study investigated the utilization and conservation of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) in the District of Sironko, Mount Elgon region. The objectives were to assess the utilization patterns of V. amygdalina, evaluate its conservation practices and status, examine the factors affecting its availability, and recommend strategies to enhance its conservation. The study involved respondents interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that all respondents were familiar with V. amygdalina. It was predominantly used as livestock forage (56%), firewood (20%), and herbal medicine (10%). The plant is widely known but only slightly over half the respondents (53%) reported using it. The majority (82%) utilized the leaves, with lesser use of the bark (10%) and roots (7%). Regarding harvesting, most respondents (65%) harvested it continuously throughout the year, while only 12% practiced seasonal harvesting. Handpicking was the most common harvesting method (50%), but more destructive methods such as root extraction (26%) and complete uprooting (7%) were also reported. Awareness of conservation practices was relatively high (74%), with controlled harvesting (39%) and planting in home gardens (22%) cited as key strategies. However, formal participation in conservation programs was extremely low (1%), despite high willingness to engage in future initiatives (95%). The major threats identified included pests and diseases (58%), overharvesting (44%), and cutting for firewood (17%). Additionally, 86% of the respondents reported a noticeable decline in the availability of V. amygdalina over recent years. V. amygdalina is under increasing pressure due to overharvesting, limited conservation enforcement, and socio-economic demands like fuelwood and population growth. The observed decline in availability reported by 86% of respondents— suggests the urgent need for sustainable management. In conclusion, while V. amygdalina is culturally and economically significant, its sustainability is threatened by overuse, limited institutional conservation support, and environmental pressures. Nonetheless, the strong local knowledge and community willingness present opportunities for promoting sustainable utilization. The main recommendations are: 1) public sensitization, 2) home garden propagation, 3) controlled harvesting, and 4) strengthening community-based conservation programs.