Assessing Water and Sanitation challenges in the informal settlements in Kampala city. A case study of Banda B2 and B3 villages, Nakawa Division.

Abstract

Access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services remains a major challenge in informal settlements, contributing to poor health outcomes and environmental degradation. This study examines the key WASH challenges faced by residents of informal settlements and their implications for public health. A cross-sectional study design was employed using household surveys, key informant interviews, and direct observation to collect data on water sources, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices. The findings reveal limited access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation infrastructure, and poor hygiene practices, largely influenced by poverty, overcrowding, and weak service delivery systems. These challenges increase residents’ vulnerability to water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. The study highlights the need for integrated and sustainable WASH interventions, including improved infrastructure, community engagement, and supportive policies to enhance health and living conditions in informal settlements.