The role of indigenous knowledge and practices on wetland conservation and restoration within the middle Rwizi catchment of south western Uganda.

Abstract

Wetlands in Uganda, particularly within the middle Rwizi catchment, are experiencing alarming degradation due to both anthropogenic and natural factors. Despite growing evidence of wetland loss, there remains limited empirical research on the role of indigenous knowledge (IK) in conserving and restoring these vital ecosystems. This study assessed the nature and extent of wetland degradation, analyzed key drivers of wetland cover change, and evaluated the effectiveness of indigenous practices in wetland conservation and restoration in the middle Rwizi catchment, Southwestern Uganda. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining remote sensing analysis (Landsat imagery for 2016, 2020, and 2024) with qualitative data from household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions across selected communities. Findings revealed that the catchment has suffered significant degradation, including a 35% decline in Cyperus papyrus cover and deteriorating water quality. Major drivers of this degradation included climate change (40.4%), agricultural expansion (17.4%), overgrazing, population pressure, and unsustainable land use. Key indicators of degradation were reduced water quality (38.7%), habitat destruction (24%), and invasive species proliferation. The most pressing implications identified by respondents were reduced water availability, food insecurity, and loss of biodiversity. Notably, the study found that indigenous knowledge and practices especially knowledge transmission (58.3%), sustainable harvesting (52.8%), and replanting native vegetation (45.4%) were perceived as highly effective and ecologically relevant conservation strategies. However, spiritual and cultural rituals, wetland creation, and holistic land management were viewed as less effective unless supported by direct, practical interventions. This research bridges a critical gap by empirically documenting and validating the role of indigenous knowledge in wetland management in the Rwizi catchment. It concludes that integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern scientific approaches offers a viable pathway for sustainable wetland conservation. The study recommends policy integration of IK, community-based restoration initiatives, and participatory governance. Future research should explore the long-term ecological impacts of IK practices and their scalability across other wetland systems in Uganda. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, wetland degradation, restoration, Rwizi catchment, conservation, traditional practice