Fire outbreaks in academic institutions: an investigation on the implication to planning and design: a case study of Kawempe Division, Kampala city

Abstract

Schools in Kawempe Division, Kampala City, continue to face occasional fire outbreaks which threaten the safety of students, staff, and property. Despite the recurring nature of these incidents, the extent of institutional preparedness and the adequacy of existing fire safety facilities remain insufficiently examined. This study assesses the level of fire preparedness in academic institutions within Kawempe Division, maps available fire safety infrastructure, and explores planning strategies for effective fire disaster management in schools. A review of literature from journals, books, online sources, and newspaper reports highlights a persistent gap in research, particularly regarding planning-oriented approaches to fire safety in academic environments. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining exploratory and explanatory approaches. Data were collected from a sample of 65 participants, including students, staff, community leaders, technocrats such as police fire officers, education officials, physical planners, and head teachers. Purposive and cluster sampling techniques guided participant selection. Primary and secondary data were obtained through mapping, interviews, observations, questionnaires, and document review, with data quality assured through accuracy, timeliness, and completeness checks. Descriptive, prescriptive, and diagnostic analyses were used to interpret the data, despite challenges related to information access, time, and financial constraints. Ethical standards, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and authorized access were strictly observed. Findings reveal that, academic institutions in Kawempe Division exhibit low levels of fire preparedness. Although some facilities possess basic safety equipment such as fire extinguishers, exit routes, and water hoses and are served by Kibuye Fire Station and auxiliary units, significant gaps remain in policy implementation, emergency planning, and the reliability of existing infrastructure. Electrical faults emerged as the leading cause of school fires. The study concludes that schools in the division are inadequately prepared for fire emergencies and recommends stronger compliance with National Physical Planning Standards and Guidelines, enhanced collaboration with the fire brigade, and the integration of self-defense and emergency response mechanisms within school systems.