College of Natural Sciences (CoNAS)

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  • Item
    Determination of calorific values of vegetable oils using the calorific bomb method.
    (Makerere University., 2009-08-18) Magala, Hannington
    The topic of study was to determine the calorific values of vegetable oils using the Calorific bomb method. The mineral oil samples used were collected from varying petrol Stations. Four samples of vegetable oils were studied and these include: corn oil, sun Flower seed oil, fully refined palm olein and fully refined palm olein, sun flower seed oil. Two samples of mineral oil were studied and these include: Kerosene and Diesel. The method used to determine calorific values of different oil samples was Pfaundler-Stohmann, where data was analyzed using Ms Excel and different graphs were generated.Kerosene, corn oil, fully refined palm olein and diesel are arranged in order of increasing Calorific values as the results obtained. This was because of their varying densities. Calorific values of vegetable oils have been determined. The fired samples of vegetable Oil contained a higher amount of energy compared to Kerosene (mineral oil), fully refined Palm olein contained the highest calorific value and corn oil with least value amongst Vegetable oils. Diesel has a higher calorific value compared to Kerosene. Therefore, I would recommend the use of fully refined palm olein as the best edible oil Compared to others since it contained the highest energy. More studies need to be carried Out on how to use high energy vegetable oil as fuels with ability to run machines.
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    Perceptions of renewable energy and its utilization in urban and peri urban areas in Wakiso and Kampala districts.
    (Makerere University, 2014-05) Sekiziyivu, David
    Renewable energy has the potential for delivering socio-economic and environmental benefits to societies, and hence with the aim of providing affordable and reliable energy services as a contribution to poverty eradication, contributing towards development and enhancing the modernisation of biomass conversion technologies, Uganda launched a renewable energy policy in 2007. Social acceptance is among the factors which can determine successful outcomes for renewable energy projects, and, given the newness of the renewable energy industry in Uganda, this study enhances knowledge on how specific aspects of social acceptance, namely knowledge, perceptions and utilization, play out among local communities in in the country. Two communities, were interrogated using a survey technique in Kampala and Wakiso districts, areas where renewable energy projects are starting to be developed. This research found that fragmented knowledge around renewable energy exists, and that tertiary education, employment and income influence knowledge creation in the studied area. Perceptions around renewable energy were highly positive, yet people‟s ability to identify only economic benefits could introduce negative attitudes or conflicts in the future. This study provides unique insights into the relationship between renewable energy and local communities in in two areas in Uganda, calling for greater understanding of local social context, specifically communities and their social structures, in deployment of renewable energy technologies.
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    An investigation on the efficiency of the multiple effect evaporators and their performance at Sugar Cooperation of Uganda Limited (SCOUL)
    (Makerere University, 2015) Mukaga, Geofrey
    This study mainly undertakes determining the efficiency of the multiple effect evaporators and their performance over a given time in days, the adverse effects of the efficiency of the evaporators i.e. the decrease in the efficiency significantly affects the overall efficiency of the process This study addresses the efficiency and undertakes to give the options that can be taken to improve performance of the evaporators and also maximize steam usage in the process.
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    Project Report about Geologic Mapping carried out in Igayaza, Isingiro District, Western Uganda.
    (Makerere University., 2015-06-05) Kabagambe, George
    The Geologic mapping exercise project was carried out in Igayaza area, Isingiro District about 30 KM South of Mbarara town, Southwestern Uganda with a major aim of acquiring geologic mapping skills ad techniques as a requirement for a future geologist. The mapping area E is within the Karagwe Ankolean system of rocks which is the northern most extension of Kibaran mobile belt. The Igayaza synclinorium is a South Westerly plunging fold in the Karagwe –Ankolean rocks of south west Uganda. The study was mainly based on surface geological mapping and field interpretation of samples collected in area E. The lithology comprises of the thin arenaceous formations that are predominated by a quartzites while the thick argillaceous formations constitute of shales. Other rock units in area E include the conglomerates and the breccia though not mappable. The quartzites are mainly found at the ridge summits while the shales are found along the slopes of ridges and in valleys between ridges resulting in a region of rugged topography. The study area exhibits bedding and faults as the major structures according to their extent relative to the used scale. The topography is hilly with flat ridges and valleys giving the area a poor drainage pattern. This has led to the scarcity of water and thus the linear human settlement pattern. Economic activities carried out include quarrying of quartzites, cattle keeping on a small scale and agriculture. The area has no potential for petroleum simply because the rocks are not fossiliferous . This report is of a detailed geologic study of study area E, and a cover of the whole Igayaza synclinorium in relation to the whole of the karagwe – Ankolean rocks include in a chapter of regional synthesis. The report consists of six chapters with different aspects.
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    A geological mapping project report of the Albertine graben area, Ntoroko district, Western Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2016-06) Ssembera, Richard
    This report discusses the findings and interpretation of the geologic field mapping exercise done by fourth year students of B.Sc. in petroleum Geoscience and Production. The study was carried out on, Semliki basin, which is one of the most prospecting basins for petroleum exploration in Uganda and available data shows the presence of a petroleum system. The field exercise was carried out in this area (Kibuku) with a major aim of collecting and interpreting stratigraphic, petrographic, sedimentologic and structural data; which are very important in hydrocarbon exploration. To achieve this aim, surface geological and structural data were collected through thorough study of the basement rocks and sediments. Seismic, Gravity and Aeromagnetic data were provided to by the Department of geology and petroleum studies, Makerere University in form of images for interpretation. The study began with analysis of the basement rocks along foothills of the Northern Rwenzori block while identifying the structures and measuring their trends. This was a step by step strategy starting from older basement rocks to younger sediments (establishing the contact at UTM 0192485E, 0102062N) in the Semliki plain. Logging was then carried out on the sedimentary lithologies and discussions held at the established stations. The data obtained was analysed, presented in groups and interpreted. The basement lithology comprised; altered granites, granitic gneisses, schist and amphibolite while the lithology of sediments comprised inter-fingered fluvial and lacustrine sediments with Mt Rwenzori and the escarpment as the provenance. The major sedimentary environments are fluvial, deltaic and lacustrine. Semliki basin has a complete petroleum system as evidenced by the Semliki seismic section, facies and the interpreted Turaco 1 and 2 well log data that showed presence of hydrocarbons at depth with significant temperature and pressure. The thick well sorted sands of Kisegi formation are believed to be the reservoir rock in the study area due to the high-quality sands with good permeability and large lateral extent. The cap rocks are the clays and shales as well as gypsum. The sediments are very young (Miocene in age) and shallow implying little possibility of hydrocarbons forming in the area. However, the presence of the Sempaya hot spring can play a very big role in providing the necessary temperature required to generate hydrocarbons from the organic matter in the shale. The hydrocarbons can then migrate to the reservoir and trapped by the sealing faults hence accumulation. This justifies the hydrocarbon potential of the study area.
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    Carbon dioxide purification from fermentation by cryogenic process and distillation process
    (Makerere University, 2017) Aliguma, Moses
    The aim of the study was to reduce on carbon dioxide emission arising from alcoholic fermentation processes that impact on human health and environment and also assess the relationship between temperature and pressure parameters during purification of carbon dioxide. This work was done at BDF distillery. Multi-stage compression, refrigeration, separation and distillation is cryogenic separation and distillation method that separated majority of the CO2 from the gas mixture with relatively high purity. Subsequently, the separated crude liquid CO2 is distilled under high pressure and near ambient temperature conditions so that low energy penalty purification is achieved. Initially gaseous mixture is stored in the carbon dioxide sack then initially dehydrated before they are fed into the system, compressed, and cooled down to near ambient temperature thus achieving the cryogenic separation and liquefaction processes where most of the water is condensed and can be extracted out afterwards, while the rest is absorbed by a high-efficiency adsorbent (molecular sieve). At this point, a part of the CO2 is liquefied from the mixed gases. Using a gas-liquid separator CO2 product is separated from gaseous mixtures of the purge gases. The crude liquid CO2 separated from the cryogenic separation subsystem is further purified in the distillation subsystem at temperatures –20 °C to 20 °C and –10°C to 30 °C, to improve its purity. A sample of liquefied carbon dioxide after distillation is taken to laboratory for purity test using carbon dioxide purity tester. Its purity range was between (99.2- 99.9) % with impurity (2% to 5 %.) content in the separated liqui
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    Cultivation of oyster mushroom at Mushroom Training Centre Bwindi Amagara Association
    (Makerere University, 2017) Twinomujuni, David
    A comparative research project was conducted at Bwindi Amagara Association in Kanungu District between 16/5/2017 to 19/8/2017 and only Oyster mushroom was selected. This type of mushroom was grown in different conditions, that is, well moist environment and one with more light. Well moist environment has more species diversity which affects the density of mushrooms and ultimately has a negative bearing on the entire community. Therefore, the study required a dimension of 25 × 10m2. This study area had more mushrooms which were identified and counted. Those mushrooms that were growing in well ventilated and lighted area had low diversity of mushrooms. It found out that those growing in moist environments had more mushrooms compared to that of lighted area. Problem statement Effects of dampness on the mushroom growing diversity, density and size. Purpose of the study The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of moisture or dampness on the mushroom growing diversity and density. This was achieved by comparing mushrooms growing in normal environments and the ones growing in dampness. General objectives To compare the mushrooms growing in damp environment and those growing in the environment with all the requirements. Specific objectives To estimate the density of mushrooms growing in different environments that is damp environment and well lighted environment. To determine the size of the mushrooms. To determine the most abundant species in damp and lighted growing rooms. Research questions What is the density of mushrooms growing at damp environment? What is the most abundant species growing in damp areas compared to those in lighted environment? What is the variation in the abundance of oyster mushroom growing in different environments? Hypothesis The density of mushrooms growing in different environments is the same. There is uniform mushroom abundance in both damp environment and lighted environment. Study area The study survey was carried out at Mushroom training and growing centre of BwindiAmagara Association between 14th - 18th – November 2016 in Kanungu District. This survey was mainly;  To equip with knowledge and skills of how to grow oyster mushrooms on solid state fermented substrate.  To equip with knowledge of different species of mushrooms those that grow wild and the ones under domestication.  To find how oyster mushrooms growing influence can the economic status of local people in Kanungu district as a case study. Significance of the study  The project needs minimal space  Mushroom project acts as alternative source of income to the family and therefore raising the standards of living.  It requires minimal time to mature and requires little capital  It provides employment opportunities to people working directly in the business as spawn producer, gardening, harvesting and marketing.  It has a ready market in either fresh or dried form.  Availability of agricultural waste substrates used which are affordable by mushroom growers. Expectations from the growing include - To empower complete knowledge and skills in mushroom cultivation. - To encourage the participants to acquire basic practices in mushroom cultivation. - To encourage open communication. Learning how mushrooms, spps of mushroom cultivated, challenges faced during growing of mushroom, substrate used, clean environment, maintenance in mushroom cultivation, market research for the mushroom, compare the suitability of oyster mushroom and other spps, nutritive value of oyster mushroom, differences between poisonous and edible mushrooms, gestation period of oyster mushroom, entrepreneurship and value addition to oyster mushroom and how mushrooms dish can be prepared.
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    Effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of cellulose
    (Makerere University, 2017-05) Ssemwogerere, Abraham
    Saw dust is a lignocellulose material mainly regarded as a waste from wood cutting here in Uganda. A given percentage of the saw dust is used in poultry as a bed layer but only a small percentage is used leaving a significant value as waste. Lignocellulose materials mainly contain a mixture of carbohydrates polymers (cellulose and hemicellulose), lignin, extractives and ashes. The most abundant lignocellulose material on earth is wood
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    Effect of storage and handling practices on incidence of the soft rot bacterium, Erwinia carotovora in tomatoes, in Kasubi Market Kampala District
    (Makerere University, 2017-05) Mwesigwa, Enock
    Storage and handling affect the quality of harvested agro-produce. Proper storage and handling can help to manage losses caused due to contamination by micro-organisms which reduce the quality of the produce; this includes tomatoes. It was therefore the purpose of this research to find out the effect that the storage and handling practices of tomatoes in Kasubi market in Kampala district had on the incidence of Erwinia carotovora. Erwinia carotovora is a destructive bacterium to plants and causes soft rot disease (Bhat, 2010). The disease is called soft rot because of the characteristic decay of soft tissue which results in a slimy watery mass (Agrios, 2005).It affects a wide range of plants and in particular, affects vegetable species from all families (Bhat, 2010). It attacks stems, roots and fruits (Ploetz et al., 1993). The research was carried out in Kasubi market, Kampala district. It involved a survey using a questionnaire to find out the storage and handling practices of tomatoes in the market. Laboratory tests were also carried out using Crystal Violet Pectate medium selective for Erwinia carotovora to find out if the bacterium was present in the representative samples obtained from the market (Van der Wolf, 1996). The data obtained showed that soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora wasn’t the major cause of losses in the market on regard to tomato vending. However, the data obtained showed that it does account for 21% of the losses. 86% of the vendors surveyed stored their tomatoes in boxes that weren’t usually changed and 50% of the vendors sold their produce from areas on the ground which may contain the bacteria (Romberg et al., 2002). The data also showed that 86% of the vendors do not change their means of storage- boxes, and this makes contamination possible when the bacteria are present by acting as a continual source of inoculums. A control experiment was carried out by using the same questionnaire in Shoprite supermarket Lugogo, Kampala district and it was found that they buy from vendors in markets and not solely from farmers. It was also found that these tomatoes can last up to a month. A recommendation for the need of further research was proposed.
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    A wind powered Electricity generator
    (Makerere University, 2017-06) Chemayek, Chesang Joshua
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    Impact of fosroc grinding aid on setting time of cement
    (Makerere University, 2017-07) Ahaisibe, Wilfred
    The usage of Grinding Aids (GAs) in cement factories has demonstrated interesting results in improving the performance of cements. It is well known that grinding aids have a chemical effect on cement chemistry and some of its specific properties that is why this research was undertaken. This research project was undertaken to evaluate the impact of FOSROC Grinding Aid on the setting time of cement while maintaining optimal compressive strength at the same time. This GA was added in small increasing amounts/dosages starting with a blank sample (No GA). The tested cement properties included water demand, Blaine fineness, setting times and compressive strength. The results showed that the use of higher concentrations of GAs can lead to significant improvements in the performance of cements characterized by reduced setting times and higher compressive strengths. Compared with the control/blank sample, Initial setting times were significantly reduced from 250 (0 % of GA) to 223 minutes (3g of GA) and 287 (0%) and 111 (3g) when using Ordinary Portland Cement and Pozzolanic Portland Cement respectively. Final setting times reduced from 340 (0 % of GA) to 303 minutes (3g of GA) and 371 (0%) to 232 (3g of GA) when using Ordinary Portland Cement and Pozzolanic Portland Cement respectively. However, the2 days compressive strength increased slightly by 4.49 and 4.7% for 1.5g and 3.0g of GA respectively when using Ordinary Portland Cement. 5.1 and 7.3% for 1.5g and 3.0g of GA respectively when using Pozzolanic Portland Cement.
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    Effect of voltage and initial pH on treatment efficiency of dairy waste water by electrocoagulation using aluminum plates
    (Makerere University, 2017-08-29) Susume, Isaac
    Main objective: To study the effect of initial pH and applied voltage on COD reduction in dairy waste water by electrocoagulation. Specific Objective: To recycle waste water from a dairy plant.
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    A research project on assessing the quality of used edible oil in restaurants around Wandegeya, Kikoni and Kikumi Kikumi
    (Makerere University, 2017-09-12) Katenta, Sydney
    Objective of the research project: It is aimed at assessing the quality of edible oil used in restaurants or takeaways. Specific objectives: This research has to determine the following parameters in the cooking oil i.e. polar compounds, acidity and free fatty content as well as peroxide value. Conclusion: According to the research most oils were not safe to be reused yet these restaurants kept reusing it.
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    Effect of plant attractive scents on grading time of Nile Tilapia juveniles
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kiwanuka, Alaphat
    In aquaculture fish undergo many operations from fry stage to adult stage that is Sampling, transportation, grading etc. these case a great deal of stress to the fish. However grading contributes the biggest percentage to the stress since it is carried out through out the production cycle. The study aims at investigating fish attraction using 2 plant scent extracts; Garlic and Onions and their effectiveness as alternatives to active grading of Nile tilapia and their potential impacts on the water quality Current grading techniques lead to over handling of fish that leads to stress responses such as death. 15 fish each in a tank across which a scent was applied using a sponge and separated by a grading grid. Attraction effects were measure by recording reaction time towards each scent. Each experiment was repeated 3 times and data collected was analyzed usingANOVA in R software and repeated measures ANOVA for pH. The results showed that there was a significant difference in reaction times between the scents (Garlic and onions) and control at P < 0.001 but no significant difference between the attraction effects of the scents that is Garlic and Onions at P = 0.145. This showed that grading with application of scents had better results. The repeated measures ANOVA test indicated that there was a significant difference in the pH before and after application of the scent at F = 1.989, df = 1 and p < 0.001 and a post Hoc test showed that there was a significant different in pH between Control and onion scent at p < 0.001, Control and Garlic at p < 0.001, garlic and Onion scents at p < 0.001
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    Effects of baits and hive type on colonization of African Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) in the Lake Albert Crescent Zone of Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kabasomi, Lydia
    Beekeeping in LACZ is still based on traditional technologies and practices and characterised by alarmingly low colonisation rates and low production. An experiment was set up to investigate the “Effects of baits and hive type on colonization of African honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the Lake Albert crescent zone of Uganda”. The experiment consisted of 16 langstroth, 16 log and 16 Kenya Top Bar (KTB) hives sited at Bulindi ZARDI. Four of each hive type was baited with beeswax, cow dung, ripe banana and four of each hive type was unbaited to act as controls. Data from the experiment was collected for two seasons. Bait type had significant ( p < 0.05) effect on colonization and of all the hives that were colonized, 62.5% were baited with bees wax and a high proportion of uncolonised hives 91.7% was recorded among the Unbaited(control) hives.Hive type had no significant (P >0.05) effect on colonization. Of all the hives that were colonized, up to 53.1% were KTB compared to 31.2% local (log) hives. Low colonization rate was recorded in langstroth (78.1%). Season had no significant (P >0.05) effect on colonization although it was recorded that in season B (July – August) the rate of colonisation was higher (43.8%) compared to 27.1% in season A (January – February). It was observed that, interaction between bait type and hive type had no significant (P> 0.05) effect on hive colonization rate. The KTB hive had high interaction (75%) with the bees wax and cow dung. It was also observed that there was no colonization of langstroth hives baited with ripe bananas. It is concluded that beeswax is a suitable baiting material for increased hive colonisation than ripe banana which may not actually attract bees, in the LACZ. KTB hives colonise better than langstroth and log hives. In order to maximise colonization in KTB, bees wax or cowdung are the best combinations. Bees wax is expensive and hard to get and so farmers can use cow dung to bait KTB since it is locally available and cheap compared to bees wax.
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    The diversity and distribution of macrobenthic invertebrates in Kiwunya Stream
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kainza, Winnie Wanendeya
    This study was carried out with a general objective of establishing the diversity and distribution of macrobenthic invertebrates in Kiwunya Stream located in Kampala District which has constantly been subjected to higher levels of pollution mainly due to the anthropogenic activities carried out by the communities living along this stream. This work involved measurements of the different physico-chemical water parameters like temperature, pH, flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, water depth, phosphates and nitrate levels at three sites, that is upstream, midstream and downstream. These parameters were later related to the distribution and diversity of the macrobenthic invertebrates found at the different sites of sampling. The study showed that water temperatures increased from upstream to downstream, the pH range was 7.0-75, the stream was shallow having a depth that increased on average from 6.8cm upstream,7.6 cm midstream and 18.8 cm downstream. The dissolved oxygen levels were highest upstream and lowest downstream, the flow velocity was highest upstream (0.39m/s), midstream (0.24m/s) and lowest downstream (0.18m/s). Phosphate and nitrate levels were highest upstream and these decreased as one proceeded to the downstream. The study revealed three phyla of macrobenthic invertebrates present in the different sampled sites of the stream and these include Mollusca, Annelida and Arthropoda with the midstream having the highest Shannon wiener diversity index(H`) of 7.34 and the downstream having the lowest diversity(H`) of 4.69. However, the downstream had the highest number of individuals, followed by the midstream and then the upstream with the lowest number of individuals.
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    Removal of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) from waste water by adsorption onto sugarcane bagasse
    ( 2018) Niwarinda, Nicholas
    Effluents from textile, leather, tannery, electroplating, galvanizing, pigment and dyes, metallurgical and paint industries and other metal processing and refining operations at small and large-scale sector contain considerable amounts of toxic metal ions. The toxic metals and their ions are not only potential human health hazards but also to another life forms. Toxic metal ions cause physical discomfort and sometimes life-threatening illness including irreversible damage to vital body system. From the eco-toxicological point of view, the most dangerous metals are mercury, lead, cadmium and chromium(VI). The analysis of wastewater for trace and heavy metal contamination is an important step in ensuring human and environmental health. This project shows that sugarcane bagasse has rapid adsorption rate and good adsorption capacity for cadmium and chromium. The Cd2+ was found to be dependent on PH and contact time. Sugar cane bagasse exhibits a high degree of Cr (VI) removal and it can be utilized for the treatment of industrial wastes containing chromium (VI) concentrations which are very high. Generally, the project study indicated that sugarcane bagasse can be a good adsorbent material for Cd2+ and Cr(VI) removal from dilute aqueous solutions and also it is cheaper and more efficient to use sugarcane bagasse to remove heavy metals. Most conventional methods are very expensive and impose high cost on the industries in treating such wastes. It is recommended that the adsorption be done at a PH that is almost neutral. There should also be enough contact time to increase the efficiency of the process.
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    Using recycled cooking oil to manufacture laundry soap
    (Makerere University, 2018) Nkonwa, Francis
    During frying, temperatures rise up to around 170oC to 190oC. At these temperatures, complex, multistage reactions of hydrolysis, oxidation and polymerization occur within the oil producing polar molecules like proteins, free fatty acids and others which together degrade both physical and chemical properties of the oil like colour, smoke point etc. Among other products formed with in the oil are the free radicals which when ingested into the body attach themselves to the heathy cells forming carcinogenic cells. Several works have been done to expose the danger of repeated heating and use of vegetable oils but very little work or even none has been done to provide an alternative use for the oil apart from using it and that’s why this project becomes relevant. Cooking oil heated for 7 hours was collected from hotel, treated with activated carbon, filtered using filter paper and funnel and free fatty acid test was done to check the efficiency of the treatment process which was found to be 70%. 3 soap samples were prepared where sample 1 and 2 were prepared using treated oil but sample 1 was recovered 3 times whereas sample 2 was recovered once with NaCl. Sample 3 was a blend of 50% treated oil and 50% fresh oil. The samples were than tested for moisture content, total alkali, free caustic alkali and total fatty matter (TFM). It was found that the TFM in sample 2 is high enough in that a considering a blend would be irrational. The 81.67% TFM in sample one would be high enough in that addition of builders would just reduce this value to a required minimum of 62% for laundry soap. Therefore recycled cooking oil can be used to make laundry soap.
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    The distribution and abundance of zooplankton in the fish cage sites of the Napoleon Gulf, Lake Victoria
    (Makerere University, 2018) Ssewanyana, Abdul
    Lake Victoria is vulnerable to increasing eutrophication since the proliferation of cage fish farming in Uganda and this has rose concerns over water quality deterioration and changes in the ecological structure. A study was conducted on the distribution and abundance of zooplankton in the fish cage sites of Napoleon Gulf. The relative abundance and species diversity of the zooplankton was studied and the physicochemical parameters of the water at the cage sites determined The zooplankton community structure of the Napoleon Gulf was composed of the Rotifers, Copepods and Cladocerans. The rotifers were composed of seven genera including Synchaeta, Kellicotica, Keratella, Notholca, Tricocerca, Asplanchna and the Brachionus. The Copepods were comprised of four genera including Cyclopoids, Calanoids, harpaticoids and the Nauplii larvae and lastly the Cladocerans were composed of six genera: the Bosmina, Simocephallus, Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia, Moina and Diaphanosoma. The copepods were the most abundant among the three groups at the Gulf. The rotifers were the most diverse in terms of their generic composition amongst the copepods and the Cladocerans across all the sampling sites. There was no significant difference in the diversity of these zooplankton groups across all the sampling sites. This study recommended that SON fish farm to continue adhering to the best aquaculture management practices that are environmentally sustainable to allow many organisms like the zooplankton maintain their natural population densities, distribution, diversity and community structure and to continuously monitor the physicochemical parameter to keep them in check.
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    The effect of blending emulsifiers/surfactants on emulsion stability
    (Makerere University, 2018) Wembabazi, Timothy
    The effect of blending surfactants on emulsion stability was studied. Emulsions whose Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) is quit high above the storage temperature are stable, and such products have a long shelf life. In this work, the emulsion system consists of water (aqua phase) and cyclohexane (oil phase). The surfactants/emulsifiers used are tween 20 and cetyl alcohol. First, an emulsion of water/tween 20/cyclohexane was prepared in proportions of 48.5%w/w, 3%w/w and 48.5%w/w respectively and the PIT determined. Then both surfactants were blended in equal proportions with the same amounts of water and cyclohexane, and the new PIT was determined using the conductimetry method. It was found out that the PIT of the emulsion when only tween 20 is used as the surfactant was 45 ˚C and that when both tween 20 and cetyl alcohol were used as emulsifiers was 42 ˚C. Hence, from the observations, blending surfactants has a negative effect on emulsion stability; i.e. lowers the emulsion PIT which facilitates de-emulsification processes.