Academic submissions (CEDAT)

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https://dissertations.mak.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12281/4085

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Browsing Academic submissions (CEDAT) by Title

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    Accessing the impact of land use/cover change on human thermal comfort in Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2018-12-18) Amizo, Gerald
    Kampala capital city is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa having witnessed a strong increase in population, economic growth and industrialization in recent years. The most widely increasing and significant sources of today’s change in earth’s land is Land cover/use change which in turn causes changes in climate conditions (e.g. rise in temperature) and worsening thermal environmental conditions thus increasing the vulnerability of people and their property (e.g. heat-related illness). The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of land cover change on human thermal comfort using remote sensing and GIS. Temporal Landsat satellite imagery of 1987 to 2016 was used to perform analysis. Also, an attempt was made at comparing THI of different land cover types. Results show the declining trend in vegetation from 1987 to 2016 at an average rate of 10.4%, increasing trend in built areas and water at a rate of 9.37% and 7.11% respectively. This saw a rise in discomfort region with THI >26 and a decrease in THI<19 from 1987 to 2016. Also, the comfort class was the most dominant across most land cover classes. Relationship between NDBI and LST showed a strong positive correlation whereas NDVI and RH both showed a strong negative correlation.
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    An accident awareness system
    Kigai, Phiona Mary
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    Addressing MV technical loss on the distribution network in Uganda
    Wandera, Sylvester ; Okello, Joseph
    Losses are the difference between energy entering the network and that leaving to be utilized by the final consumer. These losses are divided into technical and non-technical(commercial) losses. Technical losses are attributed to the physical properties of the components of the power system making them highly prone to failure, unreliability, inefficiency and poor performance. This project entirely focuses on the technical loss analysis of the 33kV network basing on the 2016 UMEME network. The basis of the analysis is attributed to the fact that UMEME has long been concentrating on one single blanket strategy in their process of analyzing the technical losses through the process of choosing the high loss feeders and concentrating on those for analysis. This has been ignoring the contribution of these other feeder categories in terms of industrial, commercial and domestic (rural and urban) on the entire network losses. Therefore, the project looks at how different analysis strategies can be applied to these different feeder categories for effective analysis of these technical losses. The methodology applied to fulfill the analysis includes modeling the 33kV 2016 network using DigSilent power factory with the main assumption being lumping the 33kV network and the transformers on the 33kV bus bars to enable the concentration on the 33kV network during the analysis. Using the formula, 𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼2𝑅, the feeder losses were obtained from which the ten high loss feeders from every single of the three categories was chosen. For the analysis of different feeder categories, the loss reduction strategies include feeder upgrade for industrial feeders, feeder splitting for domestic feeders and both feeder splitting and feeder upgrade for commercial feeders. With the well-set objectives and methodology, the results obtained in this analysis was 4.5% technical loss on the network which is a drift off the 6.6% on the actual network but this includes 33kV and 11kV, therefore, the 2.1% allowance was left for the 11kV.From the above analysis strategies of the ten high loss feeders which sum up to a wholesome total of 30 feeders, it was observed that the general loss reduction was seen on the 30 feeders was from 2.26% to a lesser 1.7% hence a reduction of 0.576%.The contribution of the different feeder categories was obtained on a pie-chart where it was observed that industrial contributes 88%, 9% for commercial and 3% for domestic feeders. The above analysis and the respective results depict that the strategy is highly viable and effective due to the fact that different category analysis brings a better overview of the feeders since it can be observed that the drivers of technical loss in these feeder categories differ according to the different feeder characteristics like feeder lengths, loading on these feeders. Furthermore, from the project investment analysis, it can be seen that the investment in the loss reduction strategy can be recovered within a short operating period to clear all the capital and maintenance costs involved.
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    Addressing MV technical loss on the distribution network in Uganda: A case study: UMEME 33kV network
    (Makerere University, 2018) Wandera, Sylvester
    Losses are the difference between energy entering the network and that leaving to be utilized by the final consumer. These losses are divided into technical and non-technical (commercial) losses. Technical losses are attributed to the physical properties of the components of the power system making them highly prone to failure, unreliability, inefficiency and poor performance. This project entirely focuses on the technical loss analysis of the 33kV network basing on the 2016 UMEME network. The basis of the analysis is attributed to the fact that UMEME has long been concentrating on one single blanket strategy in their process of analyzing the technical losses through the process of choosing the high loss feeders and concentrating on those for analysis. This has been ignoring the contribution of these other feeder categories in terms of industrial, commercial and domestic (rural and urban) on the entire network losses. Therefore, the project looks at how different analysis strategies can be applied to these different feeder categories for effective analysis of these technical losses. The methodology applied to fulfill the analysis includes modeling the 33kV 2016 network using DigSilent power factory with the main assumption being lumping the 33kV network and the transformers on the 33kV bus bars to enable the concentration on the 33kV network during the analysis. Using the formula, 𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼2𝑅, the feeder losses were obtained from which the ten high loss feeders from every single of the three categories was chosen. For the analysis of different feeder categories, the loss reduction strategies include feeder upgrade for industrial feeders, feeder splitting for domestic feeders and both feeder splitting and feeder upgrade for commercial feeders. With the well-set objectives and methodology, the results obtained in this analysis was 4.5% technical loss on the network which is a drift off the 6.6% on the actual network but this includes 33kV and 11kV, therefore, the 2.1% allowance was left for the 11kV.From the above analysis strategies of the ten high loss feeders which sum up to a wholesome total of 30 feeders, it was observed that the general loss reduction was seen on the 30 feeders was from 2.26% to a lesser 1.7% hence a reduction of 0.576%.The contribution of the different feeder categories was obtained on a pie-chart where it was observed that industrial contributes 88%, 9% for commercial and 3% for domestic feeders. The above analysis and the respective results depict that the strategy is highly viable and effective due to the fact that different category analysis brings a better overview of the feeders since it can be observed that the drivers of technical loss in these feeder categories differ according to the different feeder characteristics like feeder lengths, loading on these feeders. Furthermore, from the project investment analysis, it can be seen that the investment in the loss reduction strategy can be recovered within a short operating period to clear all the capital and maintenance costs involved.
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    Advancing transportation in Uganda with automation, connectivity and intelligence
    Namugenyi, Rachel Musumba
    Car accidents on roads and highways cost Uganda’s economy billions of shillings through loss of human resource, property and infrastructure. According to Uganda traffic police reports and other observers, most of road fatalities are attributed to human error i.e. Driver Non Compliance (DNC) including over speeding, not following road signs and reckless driving among others. In this project, we introduce the concept of cooperative driving techniques through connected vehicle to road infrastructure communication for future driver assistance to improve Driver Road Compliance (DRC). The research has developed vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) models including vehicle to traffic lights communication and vehicle to digital road side sign communication (Zebra crossing ahead, accident ahead, humps ahead and speed limit notification) using enhanced Radio Frequency (RF) data transmission. This project builds on recent work that focused on making ODB2 data available in Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) infrastructure. A web-based platform that will allow centralized access of emergency data e.g. accidents if any for faster emergency response has also been developed.
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    Advancing transportation in Uganda with automation, connectivity and intelligence
    (Makerere University, 2018-06) Nteganyi, Maria
    Vehicle crashes on roads and highways cost Uganda’s economy billions of shillings through loss of human resource, property and infrastructure. According Uganda traffic police reports and other observers, most of road fatalities are attributed to human errors i.e. Driver Non Compliance (DNC) including over speeding, not following road signs and reckless driving among others. In this project, we introduce the concept of cooperative driving techniques through Connected Vehicle to road infrastructure communication for future driver assistance to improve driver road compliance (DRC). The research has developed vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) models including vehicle to traffic lights communication, vehicle to digital road side sign communication (Zebra crossing ahead, Accident ahead, humps ahead and speed limit notification) using enhanced RF data transmission. This project builds on recent work that focused on making ODB2 data available in V2V infrastructure. The project also focused on creating a web based platform that will allow centralized access of emergency data e.g. accidents if any for faster emergency response
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    Advancing transportation in Uganda with connectivity, automation & intelligence: An accident awareness system
    (Makerere University, 2018) Walusimbi, Eddie
    Accidents in Uganda have claimed people’s lives due to negligence and delay in response to their occurrence. 22,715 people died between 2010 and June, 2017, due to road accidents. Ideally, motor vehicle systems are manufactured with safety mechanisms such as: the traction control, electronic stability control and many other safety features such that in case of an accident, the victims do not die. However the motor vehicle systems in cars used in Uganda, lack features that give a notification in case of an accident occurrence. A system was developed to reduce the number of accident deaths due to delayed response and medication attendance. The system utilizes crowdsourcing by the use of the USSD module and mobile application module. The USSD module gives a detailed explanation of the location and fatality of the accident and the application module provides the exact location by the use of the phones GPS and fatality of the accident. The USSD and application module were developed using Microsoft visual studio 2017 since it has Xamarin embedded in it. The database that keeps all the information was developed using MS SQL, Visual C#, PHP, HTML and JavaScript. The system uses an API to interconnect all the system modules involved that is: the emergency services interface, the mobile application and the database. The database stores all the information about the transactions done on the system for future reference including the date of the accident, its location and to whom it was assigned and what happened to the victims. The USSD and mobile application communicate with the database through their respective listeners contained in an API.
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    Ambient backscatter communication for RFID tags
    (Makerere University, 2019-07) Katuhaise, Herone
    A technology called ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) that requires no batteries or wires and depends on harvested radio frequency (RF) energy to power the radio frequency identification (RFID) tag has been proposed. AmBC is a mechanism in which a device can communicate with others by backscattering ambient RF signals without any additional power supply. AmBC system consists of three main components; RF source, tag, and the reader. As devices get smaller, providing for wires and reader batteries becomes more expensive, ambient signals relatively represent a good source of power for RFID tags compared to reader batteries. RFID tags that rely on ambient signals minimize maintenance, cost and operation and open the possibility to increase the life span of the RFID reader battery. AmBC is different from traditional backscatter radio communication because it involves only the reverse link for describing the backscatter communication hence reducing on the analyzed read range limitations and power wasted in the forward link. Traditional backscatter communication involves two distinct links; the forward link for powering the RFID tags and the reverse link that describes backscatter communication and has both tag and reader parameters that limit the read range. The reverse link and forward link are examined in determining the power received by the tag; power backscattered to the reader and the operational range of the Passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID systems. Factors such as tag sensitivity, RFID reader sensitivity and propagation environment are important parameters to consider in the limitation of the backscatter communication. We used mathematical equations in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) to obtain the possible distance of coverage from the ambient energy backscattered by the tag and the energy incident by the RFID reader. The costs to maintain the same distance for both forward and reverse link were determined.
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    Analysing the impact of other independent distribution networks on UMEME system reliability.
    (Makerere University, 2019-06-05) Nagasha, Susan
    The other independent distribution networks’ extensions are directly connected on the umeme networks and this makes the distribution networks long and since more faults occur on long distribution lines and this coupled with inappropriate protection at the boundary between these two networks, this has negatively affected Umeme’s networks reliability. The major requirement of electricity supply systems is to ensure high supply reliability for the customers hence there is need to analyze the impact of other independent distribution networks on umeme network in relation to reliability. This project therefore focusses on improving reliability on Umeme network. Outage statistics were used to select the case study, a single line diagram was obtained by using ARC GIS and the network is modelled in DigSilent Power factory software to obtain the system reliability indices of the network with UEDCL T-offs and the network without UEDCL T-offs. The two cases of indices were compared, from that the network was analyzed and different solutions were proposed. From the implementation of proposed solutions, results indicate that implementing of protection at the boundary between Umeme and other independent distribution networks improves the reliability on the Umeme network and it’s financially feasible.
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    Analysis and mitigation of Ferranti effect on long low loaded power distribution networks
    (Makerere University, 2019-06) Okeya, Jacob
    Ferranti effect is when the steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated distribution line is higher than the voltage at the sending end. This project presented the analysis & mitigation of Ferranti effect in the KIS power distribution network. The analysis was based on software simulations with information obtained from the Bukuzindu hybrid power station operations data log of 1st to 9th of January 2019. The DIgSILENT powerfactory 15.1 software gave the locus of the sending end voltage with the line length at the lowest loading which showed that the receiving end voltage was greater than the sending end voltage. The MATLAB Simulink program gave the models of the lumped-up KIS power network & the devices used in the mitigation of Ferranti effect. Both SVC and D-STATCOM are important shunt FACTS equipment for reactive power compensation which were compared in response time, amount of reactive power absorbed, & the amount of voltage reduced at the same rating. Simulation results were presented as the same controllable rated capacity for SVC or D-STATCOM were connected on the distribution bay of the Bukuzindu hybrid power generation substation. D-STATCOM was much better than SVC with a faster response time, higher amount of reactive power absorbed, & higher amount of voltage reduced at the same rating & it was selected and recommended for installation as the most appropriate shunt FACTS device for the mitigation of Ferranti effect in the KIS power network.
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    Analysis of liquefaction potential of foundation soils of the right embankment dam at Isimba Hydro Power Plant
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kiwanuka, Abduh ; Mugisha, Norman Mugume
    Earthquake occurrences have led to the failure of very many embankment dams worldwide. This failure is accompanied by catastrophic and severe economic and life losses. Majorly the effects of earthquakes are manifested through failure of foundation material and cracking of the embankment dams which leads to erosion of the earth materials used for the dam construction and then to total failure of the whole dam structure. The foundation material therefore is checked for susceptibility to liquefaction due to earthquakes and also the evaluation of the triggering of liquefaction. The susceptibility to liquefaction of foundation material is tested using soil index properties while the evaluation of triggering of liquefaction takes into the consideration the loading imposed on the soil during an earthquake and then the soils’ ability to sustain the cyclic stresses. The project focused on the foundation material of the right embankment dam of Isimba hydro power plant. The following methods were used to achieve the project objectives. A criteria proposed by Bray and Sancio 2006 was used to analyze for the susceptibility of the foundation material to liquefaction. Field work was done which involved the collection of soil samples from the section of the right embankment dam that is at KOOVA island and beyond the river channel following the dam axis. The depth to ground water table was measured in pit 2. Laboratory testing was carried out on the 3 samples. The tests included; particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, natural moisture content and all was done according to British standards. The results obtained were then analysed and the soils were classified as sands and it was found out that the foundation material of RED of Isimba HPP is not susceptible to liquefaction. SPT data analysis was done. This involved initially obtaining recent geological investigation reports having results of the standard penetration test which was carried out at KOOVA island. With the results, a detailed analysis of the data was done using a semi empirical procedure proposed by Idriss and Boulanger 2008. The factor of safety against liquefaction was calculated and the values indicate that the foundation material is safe from liquefaction. (FOS>1)
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    Analysis of the accuracy of different commercial GPS network adjustment software packages
    (Makerere University, 2018) Ochen, Ronald Keddy
    The surveying and geomatics community is currently faced with a wide range of commercial proprietary GPS network adjustment software to choose from. Each of the software package is however unique in some functions, with different data processing algorithms applied. The difference in mathematical models adopted by the software packages influences the adjusted coordinates and therefore leads to differences in final coordinates. Surveyors however continue to use these software without knowing their comparative efficacy hence the need for congruity analysis. This research therefore aims at assessing the accuracy of four commercial GPS network adjustment software packages in the user market namely; Carlson SurveyGNSS 2016, CHC Geomatics Office (CGO) version 1.0.1, GNSS Solutions (3.80.8) and Trimble -Business Center (TBC) version 3.50. Using 6 control stations, the evaluation method involves the comparison of coordinate residuals obtained as deviations of the final (adjusted) coordinates, from the software, from the “known” station coordinates. The station coordinates obtained from the Surveys and Mapping Department, Entebbe, were considered as the ‘known coordinates’ in the residual computation. The average residual values in the Northing, Easting and Orthometric height were below 10 cm in CGO, GNSS Solutions and TBC in both Cases 1 and 2 while SurveyGNSS produced average residual values ranging between 10 cm to 20 cm in the North, East and Height components. Since the adjusted coordinates were compared with their ‘known’ values, the software package that produced the least deviations was considered the most accurate amongst the four software packages. The one that produced the highest deviations was however the least accurate. Further analysis was conducted basing on the mean residual values, 2D and 3D residual errors, Standard Deviations and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE). The RMSE of 0.043 m in Case 1 confirmed TBC as the most accurate amongst the test software packages while SurveyGNSS produced the highest RMSE of 0.170 m implying that it is the least accurate. CGO however performed slightly better that TBC in Case 2 with RMSE of 0.071 m compared to 0.093 m of TBC. This could be partly attributed to the proprietary CHC N7 GNSS receivers used at the Survnet CORS base stations. A similar research should be conducted to incorporate the effect of varying the proprietary GNSS receivers during observations on the accuracy of the software packages.
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    Analysis of the energy demand of Uganda using the end use model
    (Makerere University, 2018) Sseruwagi, Moses
    This project analyses energy demand of Uganda using the End Use model while comparing its accuracy with other methods of energy demand forecasting and analysis that is the time series and econometric models. The Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited uses the Time series and Econometric models to forecast electricity demand presented in the Grid Development Plan. The Econometric model statistically examines the historical energy demand, population growth and macroeconomics so as to forecast the energy demand of a country in aggregated form. This ignores the behavioral and technological evolution which greatly affects the energy demand. The End Use model uses a disaggregated approach whereby the energy consumed by the different end use activities is summed for each sector and then the Final Energy Demand determined using value added per sector and demography as the driving parameters while accounting for the technological and behavioral changes in the energy sector. An open source, scenario based simulation program namely, Model for Analysis of Energy Demand which is End Use based was used to carry out the analysis and forecast for this specific project. This broke down the energy demand according to energy forms that is traditional fuels, electricity, fossil fuels; and sectors that is industry, household (residential), service (commercial), and transportation thus providing detailed and more realistic projections. When the results from both models were compared with the actual energy consumed in 2017 provided by Electricity Regulatory Authority, the End Use based forecast showed 24.3% more accuracy than the 2017 forecast from the Grid Development Plan by Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited which incorporated the Econometric model.
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    Analysis of the procedures of compulsory land acquisition and compensation in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2018-01-29) Komukama, Precious
    Provision of public facilities and infrastructure that ensure safety and security, health and welfare, social and economic enhancement, and protection and restoration of the natural environment leads to a sustainable development. Land in Uganda belongs to the citizens and for the government to provide these facilities, land is always required. Specific land parcels required may not be on sale at the time it is required or the government may not be able to purchase land over the land market. The government uses the power of compulsory acquisition of land that can force owners to sell their land in order to obtain the land required to be used for specific purposes. The power of compulsory acquisition of land is also referred to as expropriation, eminent domain, compulsory purchase, land acquisition and resumption. Compulsory land acquisition almost in every country has legislations and procedures to be followed while exercising it. The context of rapid growth and changes in land use has placed governments under increasing pressure to deliver public services in the face of an already high and growing demand for land. In Uganda like in many other states, even when the legislations and procedures which give the acquiring authority mandate to acquire land compulsorily for public use are well stipulated, the process is not followed 100%which results into a number of challenges making the acquisition process lengthy, prolonged, complex and costly. This research aims at analyzing the procedures, discover the challenges and recommend possible solutions to mitigate them using the Kampala-Entebbe Express road project as the case study. Questionnaires were administered to government valuers and affected landowners to capture their views on land acquisition procedures and challenges. The findings reveal that the process stipulated was violated and challenges facing the process include administrative, legal, social, economic and environmental.
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    Analysis of the streets of Kampala City to meet the needs of pedestrians: A case study of Central Division
    (Makerere University, 2018) Omoding, Seth
    The study is about analysis of streets of Kampala city to meet the needs of pedestrians in central division. The research will basically look at street infrastructure that are viable for all pedestrians including those with physical disabilities. Street infrastructure such as walkways, street lights and benches. The street is a public easement, one of the few shared between all sorts of people which involves interactions and movement of people. As a component of the built environment as ancient as human habitation, the street sustains a range of activities vital to civilization. Its roles are as numerous and diverse as its ever-changing cast of characters.
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    Analysis of the underlying variations in the maintenance costs of rented properties in Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2018-05) Agaba, Victor
    For any emerging economy, real estate is a major driver of economic development. Uganda is seeing a robust increase in infrastructure development for example roads, the railways, new power plants, energy infrastructure for the oil and gas industry. In the midst of the real estate sector, we find the topic of maintenance and operational costs. These costs are incurred by every real estate developer, manager and owner of the property. One cannot deal in real estate without incurring them. Issues arise when these costs end up consuming all the profits that are expected at the end of the month. This report provides information about the different maintenance costs that are incurred in the real estate sector and how to manage them and how to handle them. This study took on the approach of investigating the valuers’ and property managers’ perspective on controlling the variations in maintenance costs. The findings were obtained through literature review and questionnaires issued to valuers and property managers in Kampala city. These findings were analyzed using MS Excel and content analysis. This study revealed that the maintenance costs can be controlled by the use of proper planning and periodic maintenance. The approach to this study is presented in the chapters embodied.