School of Biosecurity, Biotechnolgy and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS) Collection
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ItemPrevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in women attending marie stopes hospital and maternity(Makerere University, 2023)Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease in which the required amount of insulin is not produced by the body or insulin is not properly used by the body, resulting in excessively high blood sugar (glucose) levels which is a common condition among pregnant women. A total of participants; N=194 pregnant women were enrolled into the study and 17(8.8%) had GDM. The mean age of study participants was 28.90 (SD 4.55) years; range 19 to 44 years. The results confirmed age 30 to 32 years,36 to 38 years and 39 to 41, literate, multiparty with more than 5 live children, and second trimester pregnancy as independent risk factors for GDM prevalence. The age group 30 to 32 years and 36 to 38years showed a positive correlation with abnormal results for gestational diabetes mellitus at at 2.8% OR 0.25 [95%CI -1.80-2.31] p..·alueO.OOI*.IS.4% OR 2.01[95% CI 0.42-3.61] P valueO.025*, and 50.0% OR 11.67 [9500 CI 9.6-+-13.70] P value 0.00* respectively.
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ItemPrevalence of cryptococcal antigens in HIV patients attending Namungona Health Centre IV, in Kampala District(Makerere University, 2026)Cryptococcosis is a severe fungal infection caused by inhaling encapsulated yeasts, primarily Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, with clinical presentations typically involving the lungs or Central nervous system. It primarily acts as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with advanced HIV/AIDS but can also affect hosts. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigens in HIV patients with a CD4 less than 500 and ≥500 and to determine the association of Crag positivity and CD4 count attending Namungona Health Centre IV, Kampala District. A total of 90 samples were worked on by carrying out the CrAg Lateral Flow Assay which is a dipstick test. The collected data was sorted, edited, cleaned and later captured for analysis to obtain descriptive statistics used to interpret results. Prevalence of Cryptococcosis was inclined to socio-demographic factors such as Age, Marital Status, Sex, Residence, Occupation, level of Education. There was a good response to testing CD4 count with 70% carrying it out every after three months and 30% every after 6months and also carrying out Serun Crag test with patients whose CD4 count is less than 500, and good response to ART therapy. Therefore, there was a low prevalence of Cryptococcal antigens in HIV patients attending Namungona Health Centre 1V. The study recommends continuous CD4 count and ART therapy in HIV patients and early diagnosis using the CrAg lateral assay test when there is a CD4 of less than 500cells/ul.
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ItemPrevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections, antibiogram and associated factors among adults aged 18 to 65 years at Buwenge General Hospital Jinja District, Uganda(Makerere University, 2026)Urinary tract infection is a medical condition in which the urinary system and the genital tract are colonized by microorganisms that cause disease affecting parts of the system including the urethra, bladder, ureters, nephrons, and vaginal tract. This cross sectional study was carried out at Buwenge general hospital, Jinja district and included 384 participants between the age of 18 and 65 years who were recruited for the study, consent was obtained from them and a questionnaire was filled. A clean catch midstream urine sample was obtained, examined macroscopically, microscopically and then cultured on CLED agar and Blood Agar. Positive plates with significant growth were identified using biochemical tests and gram reactions. A sensitivity testing was then done on the Muller Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Different drugs such were used to determine the sensitivity and antibiogram of each isolated microorganism. Associated factors were analyzed using STATA software. Of the samples collected, 122 had significant growth translating into a prevalence of 31.8% among the study participants. The commonest causative agent of UTI among the study participants was E. coli (39.47%) followed by Citrobacter freundii (28.95%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.53%). The susceptibility pattern of the organisms against the antibacterial agents was varied with P. mirabilis exhibiting complete resistance against all the tested drugs followed by K. pnemoniae. Staphylococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to the drugs compared to the rest of the isolates. Wiping from front to back during defecation (OR=0.066,CI:O.O1-0.426,P=0.004), being of the male gender(OR=1.837,CI:1.081-3.124,P=0.025), use of antibiotics (OR=0.515,CI:0.269 0.987,P=0.045) an bathing (OR=0.361,CI:0.141-0.92,P=0.033) reduce the risks of acquiring UTI among the studied participants. Antibacterial susceptibility varied greatly with Gram positive organisms showing maximum sensitivity to ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam and Proteus mirabilis showing maximum resistance against all the drugs tested. There is need to sensitize the general public on the predisposing factors to UTI, avail diagnostic facilities at most health centers and hospitals, and to carry out more research to establish the link between UTIs and knowledge of the general public on how to avoid them.
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ItemPrevalence and predisposing factors of aflatoxin contamination in exotic and local eggs sold in shops across Kawempe Division, Kampala, Uganda(Makerere University, 2026)Aflatoxins are toxic mycotoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus species and are important food-safety hazards because of their carcinogenic and other adverse health effects. Eggs are widely consumed as an affordable source of animal protein, yet limited information exists on aflatoxin contamination of eggs sold in urban retail markets in Uganda. This study determined the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination and assessed selected predisposing factors associated with contamination of local and exotic eggs sold in shops across Kawempe Division, Kampala, Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 60 egg samples, comprising 30 local and 30 exotic eggs, collected from shops in Bwaise, Kikoni and Kalerwe markets. Thirty egg retailers were also interviewed using structured questionnaires to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics, sourcing, storage and handling practices. Aflatoxins were extracted using 70% methanol and detected by thin-layer chromatography under ultraviolet light at 366 nm. Data were analysed using SPSS, and chi-square tests were used to determine associations between selected predisposing factors and aflatoxin contamination at a significance level of p < 0.05. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 11 (18.3%) of the 60 samples. Local eggs had a higher prevalence of contamination (7/30, 23.3%) than exotic eggs (4/30, 13.3%), although egg type was not significantly associated with contamination (χ² = 1.176, p = 0.278). Most assessed factors, including egg source, storage duration, storage method, inspection for spoilage, storage-area hygiene, reuse of trays, separation of damaged eggs, stock rotation and procurement records, were not significantly associated with contamination. However, mould or dampness in the storage area was significantly associated with aflatoxin contamination (χ² = 4.516, p = 0.034), while exposure to heat or direct sunlight showed a relatively stronger but non-significant association (X² = 2.986, p = 0.084). The study concludes that aflatoxin contamination occurs in both local and exotic eggs sold in Kawempe Division, with mould or dampness in storage areas representing an important associated factor. The findings support strengthened food-safety surveillance, improved storage conditions and retailer education, alongside further studies using larger samples, quantitative aflatoxin analysis and assessment of contamination in poultry feeds to clarify contamination pathways and potential consumer exposure.
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ItemPrevalence of tuberculosis and associanted risk factors among the new HIV patients attending antiretroviral therapy at Komamboga Health Center III(Makerere University, 2026-01-12)Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” MTB. Globally, about 2 million deaths due to tuberculosis occur annually throughout the world). According to World Health Organization (WHO), about 1/3 of the world population is infected by TB half of which are in sub – Sahara Africa. 5 -10% of these will show symptoms and they become sick or infectious at some point, more so if they are HIV positive. The report presents a cross sectional and descriptive study carried out to determine the prevalence of TB among the new HIV patients attending antiretroviral therapy at Komamboga HCIII between 1st December, 2024 and 29th March, 2025. A purposive sampling technique was employed on HIV positive patients. Sputum samples were collected from only HIV patients, processed and examined both microscopically and by Gene-Xpert technology to diagnose TB, and determine the prevalence of TB among the newly diagnosed HIV patients at the study area. Data on age, sex, and diagnostic results for TB among others were collected. The data collected (outcome of the study) was entered into a Microsoft office Excel program 2016 and later exported to SPSS version 20 and analyzed with help of a biostatistian. The analyzed data was presented in table forms, and pie-charts graphs. A total of 154 respondents all known HIV patients aged 10 years and above who visited the Hospital at the time of the study were included in the study. Findings revealed that out of 154 respondents, 17 patients were diagnosed with TB that is 11.0% and 89.0% were diagnosed with TB negative (n=137), the number of females in this cohort was relatively bigger (n=106) compared to the male counterparts (n=48) Therefore the research was aiming at determining the prevalence of TB among the new diagnosed HIV patients attending ART clinic at Komamboga Health Center that was found to be 11.0%. Further research of the same kind should be done to incorporate the persons below 10 years of age because this study was focused on those above that age. From the research, we recommend community awareness to increase knowledge on HIV and TB management. Patients diagnosed with TB should be given ant Mycobacterium drugs.