Academic submissions (CoBAMS)

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    Factors affecting male students’ welfare in halls of residence at Makerere University. Case study: Livingstone Hall
    (Makerere University, 2015-08) Ssekiriwo, Andrew
    The main objective of the study is to assess the relationship between students' welfare in the halls of residence and their academic performance. To accomplish this goal its necessary to reach some prerequisite goals which are, establishing whether student leadership has an effect on their academic performance, determine the effect of student involvement in other activities other than academic performance, assessing the conduct of hall administration on academic performance and identifying challenges faced by students in halls of residence.
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    Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Testing and Immunisation of Maganjo ‘A’ Zone Residents against Hepatitis B
    (Makerere University, 2017) Ishimwe, Diana Mary
    The purpose of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice on testing and immunization of Maganjo ‘A’ Zone residents against hepatitis B. The study objectives were to find out if Maganjo A zone residents have knowledge about Hepatitis B, to assess the residents’ attitudes towards Hepatitis B patients, to analyse residents’ practice on testing and immunization against Hepatitis B and to assess whether knowledge, attitude and practice on testing and immunization of the residents against Hepatitis B varies by gender, age, marital status, education level and occupation. The research was done by employing a case study design on a population of Maganjo A zone. Findings showed respondents were aware of a virus called Hepatitis B. Radios and Televisions were the main sources of information regarding the Hepatitis B. virus. It was also observed that several people had considered testing to be important and immunization was supported as a strategy to avoid getting Hepatitis B virus. In addition to that, it was deduced that the status of those infected with Hepatitis B should be kept private because if the status was exposed, the community could start neglecting the person which would result into stress and if known then the infected people should be left to live in the community happily with other people. The study recommends that the government of Uganda should put more effort in providing hepatitis B vaccine and distribute it evenly in all areas of the country so that even people in deep villages can access it. More to that, all shorts should be given out to ensure full protection against Hepatitis B. The community leaders should also organize sensitization campaigns and educative workshops through which they communicate to the communicate members about ways to prevent themselves against Hepatitis B and the importance of immunization
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    Factors influencing the performance of both government and private health sector units in Uganda : A case study of Mbarara District
    ( 2017-07) Nkwasibwe, Anthony
    The thesis study was aimed at the analyzing the performance of both non and governmental health sector units in Uganda, case study of Mbarara District. It was backed by the other different objectives that included: examine the effect of human resources for health on health sector performance in Mbarara District, assess the effect of health infrastructure on health sector performance in Mbarara District and establish the extent to which health care consumables affect health sector performance in Mbarara District. The researcher used mainly questionnaires, interview guides and secondary data from various annual reports of Ministry of Health and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft excel packages. The various conclusions were made after testing the different hypothesis to give a correct and true analysis of the performance of Health Sector units in Mbarara District. The key findings indicate that although the Health sector has tried to improve its performance in the District, Mbarara district has no enough Health Centres. Most of the areas in the district do not have health centres and more than 80% of the people in Mbarara District are not in proximity where they can reach for health services in case of an emergence in a short time and most of the people can only access private clinics and drug shops which are expensive. The findings further revealed that there are no health workers enough for the population of Mbarara District. Most of the government health centres which are mainly health centres III and IV don’t have enough health workers. The researcher recommends that: more government funding especially in the field of drugs and community health should be emphasized so as to enable the sector record some achievements and be able to get enough budget for the funding of all health needs. The government should encourage teaching subjects and courses leading to the career development of doctors so that doctors can be enough to match with the increasing population of the people especially in district away from the city centre of Mbarara. The researcher further recommends that. Emphasis should also be directed at putting in place enough infrastructures so as to house all the requirements of health like construction of enough houses and quarters and hospital blocks which will reduce congestion and improve performance in the health sector and more pay increments should be accorded to health workers as a motivation package for them to work harder and encourage others to join the sector which surely improves performance in the health sector.
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    Association between selected sociodemographic factors and traditional contraceptive use in Uganda
    ( 2017-07-11) Namayanja, Brenda
    The objective of the study was to examine the association between selected socio-demographic factors and traditional contraceptive use in Uganda. To assess the level of knowledge of traditional contraceptive use, to examine the relationship between woman’s education and traditional contraceptive use, to evaluate the association between place of residence and traditional contraceptive use and to examine the association between woman’s age and traditional contraceptive use. The research methodology entirely used secondary data extracted from 2011 Uganda Demographic Health Survey. The data set used was specifically for women in the reproductive ages with a sample of about 2049 women enumerated during the 2011 demographic health survey. The study revealed that the biggest number of respondents who used traditional contraceptives were in the age group 35-49 with a percentage of 12.3% compared to other age groups and factors like region, marital status, education and wealth status of the respondent were significant with traditional contraceptive use in Uganda. However, factors like residence and age of the respondent didn’t show any association with traditional contraceptive use. The conclusion is that education affects contraceptive use. The relationship shows that respondents with primary education have ever had about traditional contraceptive use and contributed the highest proportion. It is recommended that possible measures and strategies be undertaken by the Government and responsible Stakeholders like Non-Government organizations and donors to drastically design the current family planning programs to answer specifically to the doubts and misconceptions in the minds of most women, more so the educated women who see the effects of modern high contraceptives compared to their advantages and also scale up the use of other methods other than traditional methods.
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    Determinants of the quality of health service delivery at Mulago Hospital, Kampala
    ( 2017-07-20) lubangakene, Herman
    This study examined the determinants of the quality of medical service delivery at Mulago hospital. The study objectives were; to establish the relationships between, budget implementation, staff conduct, infrastructure developments and quality of medical service delivery. Descriptive and qualitative research designs which were inform of univariate and bivariate analysis were used. Univariate analysis was used for the descriptive data while bivariate analysis was carried out to investigate the relationships between budget implementation, staff conduct, infrastructure developments and the quality of medical service delivery at the hospital by running correlation analysis. Questionnaire method was used to collect data and the findings from the data analyzed indicated that quality of medical services delivered had significant positive relationships with budget implementation and allocation, medical staff conduct and infrastructure developments. The findings showed that medical service delivery in the hospital can still be destructed by budget allocation more so with low budgetary implementations, Conduct of medical staffs was revealed to have a significant positive relationship especially seeking consent of patients and still the infrastructural developments have positive relationship with the quality of medical services within the hospital. Therefore the study revealed that budgetary allocations, staff conducts and infrastructural developments within the hospital are determinants of the quality of health service delivery at Mulago hospital. The study recommends a need for more funding to the sector from donors and government to supplement on the budgetary allocations, External and internal monitoring is still necessary to ensure proper medical staff conduct that further encourage quality work and infrastructure developments are still needed through increase in the number of beds, wards and the transportation facilities within the hospital.
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    Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Teenage Girls Aged 15-19 in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2017-08) Mutabazi, Collins
    This study investigated the effect of education attainment, religion, type of place of residence, region and marital status on contraceptive use among teenage girls in Uganda. The main objective was to find out whether the social-economic and demographic associated factors with contraceptive use among teenage girls aged 15-19 in Uganda. The dependent variable was contraceptive use, the independent variables were, education attainment, religion, type of place of residence, region and marital status. The data was obtained from the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. A representative sample of 2026 teenage girls aged 15 – 19 years was obtained from the sample of 919 women aged 15 – 49 years in western Uganda. The study used descriptive statistics, and cross tabulations. The results showed 6.6 percent of the respondents were using method of contraception whereas only 93.4 percent were not using a method of contraception at the time of the survey. Bivariate analysis using Pearson’s Chi-Square showed that only education attainment, region and marital status are significantly associated with contraceptive use. Based on the study findings, it is evident that higher levels of education are associated with delay in sexual intercourse and also much knowledge about contraceptives and freedom for which method to use therefore policy makers and implementers should ensure full implementation of the Universal Primary and Secondary Education programs plus government sponsorship and loan schemes at higher education levels like universities in Uganda. Findings have revealed that type of place of residence is not associated with contraceptive use.
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    Determinants of the Birth Weight among the New Born Babies in Uganda: Case Study of Central Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2017-08) Mbabazi, Mercy
    Background Birth weight is the first weight of the fetus or newborn obtained after birth, preferably measured within the first hour of life before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred. Low birth weight (LBW) by international agreement has been defined as a birth weight of less than 2500 grams while those above 2500 grams are considered to be of normal weight (WHO, 2014). According to the (WHO data that was published in May, 2014) low births weight reached 12383 deaths or 3.86% of the total deaths in Uganda. The deaths adjusted births rates is 15.8% of population this ranks Uganda as 46 in the world. Low-birth weight babies (% of births) in Uganda were at 11.8 %, (WHO, 2014). Objectives To assess the socioeconomic determinants of the births weight of the new born babies in central Uganda, To establish the relationship between the demographic factors of mothers and the births weight of the new born babies, To assess the relationship between mother’s behavior and the weight of the new born baby. Findings Wealth index, highest level of education marital, place of residence and sex of the baby and the weight of the baby, that is to say all the above mentioned variables had a probability value of 0.000 (p=0.000),while other variables do not show any significant relationship with births weight. Conclusions Mothers with no education are most likely to give birth to babies with low births weight. Single motherhood is positively associated with low births weight of the new born babies. Urban women are most likely to give births to babies with normal weight. High Income is positively related to low births weight of babies in western Uganda. Mothers aged 40 years and above are more likely to give births to babies with low births weight. Mothers who smoke while they are pregnant are most likely to give births to children with low weight. Recommendations Organizations like ministry of health, Uganda and the government of Uganda should ensure that all the areas rural and urban have good healthy facilities in order to cater for disparities between urban and rural areas. Efforts should be made to integrate malaria campaigns in health services in order to increase the prevention of malaria in order to promote child weight. The government of Uganda should ensure that people are educated most especially women in order to increase the knowledge of mothers on the importance of antenatal care services.
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    Assessing the Effect of the Procurement Process on the Efficiency of Uganda's Road Sector
    (Makerere University, 2017-10) Kwesiga, Daniel Katahoire
    This study sought to investigate the relationship the effect of the procurement process on the efficiency of Uganda’s road sector. The study specifically focused on the national roads constructed under the supervision of Uganda National Roads Authority. Procurement has been a serious issue of late and if not well managed will be costly to the government Procurement is a function that costs government colossal sums of money and this has to be performed correctly in order to maximize efficiency and minimize costs. Most organizations’ executive management has realized that managing the procurement must emerge as a critical core competency if organizations are to increase revenue. Procurement plays a vital role in economic growth and development of any country if well managed. The study aimed at achieving the following specific objectives in Uganda, road sector, to establish the effect of the duration of the procurement process on the time efficiency of the road sector, establish the effect of the duration of the procurement process on the cost efficiency of the road sector, establish the effect of ICT usage in the procurement process on cost efficiency in Uganda’s roads sector and establish the effect of ICT usage in the procurement process on time efficiency in Uganda’s roads sector. The study was confined to national roads constructed under the supervision of Uganda National Road’s Authority since the author widely assumed that the respondents in UNRA were willing to co-operate, be honest, freely participate, provide accurate responses to the items in the data collection instruments and have an adequate sample size to draw a valid conclusion. The researcher adopted descriptive survey design using both qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. The data collection instrument was an interview followed by a pre-qualified questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics namely Spearman’s rank correlation. The study findings indicate that there was a lot of inefficiency both in the cost and time in the road sector. The delays in the procurement process have led to increased cost and delay in the timely completion of roads in the sector, creating inefficiencies and high costs in the procurement process in the sector. ICT has led to increased efficiency in the road sector adding both a cost and time value in the sector though recommendations like pre-qualification of bids and making payments online have been made by the respondents. Other recommendations include minimizing the time spent by the Solicitor General in evaluating whether standard practices have been adhered to while choosing the firm to take on the procurement process. This will improve time efficiency in the procurement process. The researcher suggests that further research be done namely, investigating the impact of ethical practices in the procurement process and how it affects the road sector ,assessing the impact of the procurement process on the efficiency of other sectors in the country and other factors that affect efficiency in Uganda’s road sector .
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    Factors affecting economic growth in Uganda (1994-2016)
    ( 2017-10-03) Tuhame, Didas
    This study was designed to investigate the factors that affect economic growth of Uganda and the data used was used beginning from 1994 to 2016. Emphasis was put to examine the relationship between natural resource use, inflation rate and technological growth with economic growth, ToT’s influence on economic growth and population growth's effect on economic growth. The study employed a linear regression to establish a relationship between the independent variables (inflation rate, population growth rate, technologic growth, ToT and natural resource use) with the dependent variable (economic growth). This formed the basis of the detailed analysis, conclusions and recommendations. The findings revealed that all the independent factors listed above do not have any significant relationship with GDP since all their p-values were greater than 0.05. But it was also found out that population rate had the highest positive correlation relationship with GDP. Inflation rate, technological growth and natural resource use all had positive correlations with GDP meanwhile ToT index had a negative weak correlation with GDP. On the basis of the conclusions made, the researcher recommended that; Uganda should continue empowering the population so that they continue being productive since there is a very high positive relationship between population growth rate with GDP.
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    Factors Affecting Small Scale Coffee Production In Bukomansimbi District: A Case Study of Kibinge Sub-County
    (Makerere University, 2017-11-27) Ssekidde, Elly Mwanje
    The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting small scale coffee production in Bukomansimbi district and analysis was done using primary data obtained by interviewing the farmers about the 2016/17 harvesting season and review of relevant literature. Our dependent variable was level of coffee output and our independent variables were the farmer’s sex, level of education, household size, and level of income, credit accessibility and farm size. Data analysis was done using STATA. Pie charts and frequency tables were used for the univariate analysis, Analysis of Variance and Spearman’s rank correlation for the bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression for the multivariate analysis. The results showed a significant positive relationship between the farmer’s household size, level of income, farm size and the level of coffee output. This was backed by evidence from other related studies. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended that projects be set up to train farmers on other non-farm activities in order to increase their non-farm income and also the need for reliable and sustainable land reforms in order to enhance productivity.
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    Response, Attitude and Uptake of Loans by People: Case Study of Gayaza Community
    (Makerere University, 2017-12-17) Namakula, Janet
    Uganda is one of the countries with a large number of micro finance institutions which have been set-up with approaches focused on reaching the large run banked populations of the poor. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors affecting attitude and response on loan uptake by people in Gayaza community. The study was motivated by the hypothesis that loan threshold/lending condition, educational background variables have an effect on loan uptake. A survey was undertaken and questionnaires were distributed to the people from Gayaza community who were categorized into stratus randomly selected.T-test analysis was employed to determine the hypothesis individually but was not significant. One of the suggested recommendations is that a possibility of offering some clients grace periods for the initial repayment will also reduce on loan defaults. This was especially true for agricultural sector loans. Furthermore, most of the clients in the survey suggested that a longer repayment period would ease on their burden of loan repayments.
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    Risk Factors of Adolescent Pregnancy: A case study of Rukiga County - Kabale District
    (Makerere University, 2018) Lutwama, Martin
    The objective of this study was to establish the risk factors of adolescent pregnancy in Rukiga county- Kabale district. Using primary data collected from different parts of the district, a sample of 140 female adolescents in age range of 10-24 years was studied. Results from this study indicate that 64% of those with no education were likely to become pregnant during adolescent age compared to those with Primary (41%), Secondary (40%) and Tertiary education (50%). Results also show that 46% of Adolescents who are rural based had a high percentage of pregnancy compared to 28% of those from urban areas. Education level, Type of residence, sex and age had significant impact on the dependent variable (adolescent pregnancy) while place of birth, religion and ethnicity were not significantly connected to adolescent pregnancy. Based on the findings, the following factors in this study were identified as risk factors for adolescent pregnancy among respondents; being Mukiga, coming from a rural area, staying with parents, education level, peer influence, lack of privacy, poor economic status, exposure to television messages, access to print media, marriage at less than 18 years, sex education and counseling against pregnancy. The study, therefore, recommends that Kabale District Local Council should enact a by-law for girl children not to marry before the age of 18 years. It should also advocate for cheaper education for the girl child and re-enrollment of adolescent girls back into school after delivery. This could help in delaying subsequent pregnancies and allow benefit from formal education that reduces the risk of pregnancy.
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    Assessment of the factors associated with students’ choices for uptake of food allowances to actual food in halls of residence at Makerere University
    (Makerere University, 2018) Wamoli, William
    The study assessed the factors associated with uptake of food allowances to actual food. The assessment was made by perceived quality of food, quantity of food served and food staff behaviour. Using primary data based on a sample of 143 government sponsored students residing at Makerere University halls of residence, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted where data was obtained from students using questionnaires. The analysis was made using STATA 12 at three levels of analysis based on the 143 observations. It involved the use frequency distribution, chi-square tests, ANOVA and binary logistic regression. In the results, a high average index of 5.2 obtained shows a high level of choice for preference of food allowances to actual food. There were significant associations between uptake of food allowance food quality and quantity at bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, choice for uptake of food allowances was significantly associated with quantity of food served, sex, and service providers (p<0.05). The factors associated with choice for uptake of food allowances are quantity of food served, sex and service providers. In light of the findings, the study recommends the following measures: The food service providers should increase on the portion of food served. Furthermore, the University Management should provide adequate food allowances to increase uptake of food allowances this will enable the University to concentrate on only academic related issues.
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    The contribution of service quality and price on customer satisfaction in Grand Global Hotel
    (Makerere University, 2018) Awadu, Philip
    This study was aimed at assessing the contribution of service quality and price on customer satisfaction in Grand Global Hotel from the perspective of a customer. To accomplish this, the influence of price expectations and price perceptions on customer satisfaction, and the influence of service quality expectations and service quality perception on customer satisfaction were investigated. This cross-sectional study involved 50 procedurally selected customers of Grand Global Hotel who actually paid for goods and services within the one-week period of data collection. Data collection was done using well-designed questionnaires that had both open-ended and close ended questions. The data were analyzed using Stata version 12. On service quality, the findings of the study revealed that it is only post-purchase evaluation of service quality (perceived service quality) that plays a role in determining the extent to which a customer is satisfied; the higher the level of perceived service quality the higher the level of satisfaction. Pre-purchase expectations do not play any significant role; this is due to the importance of price in intermediating between service quality and customer satisfaction by shoving off the inverse relationship between service quality expectations and the possibility of customer satisfaction. Price, on the other hand, is all-important. Price expectations play a very important role in determining if a customer is satisfied or not; high price expectations increase the likelihood of customer satisfaction and vice versa. Price perceptions do not have a direct effect on customer satisfaction but an implied effect as bench-mark with which the quality of goods and services is evaluated.
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    Assessing the impact of remuneration and employee performance in higher institutions of learning: A case study of Makerere University, Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2018) Ssematimba, Enock
    This study is an investigation, on the relationship between remuneration and employee performance. Remuneration/salary and health related factors such as age of the employees are the conceived while employee performance as measured by Work Ability Index and the number of hours spent at work is the outcome variable. Specifically, the study sought to (𝑖) to establish the relationship between the salary (amount) and the level of employee performance; (𝑖𝑖) to assess the influence of personal characteristics such as age, marital status and team cohesion of the employee on the employee performance; (𝑖𝑖𝑖) to identify and describe motivation packages such as housing, educational, health allowances available at Makerere University and their influence on employee performance. Of the 50 respondents interviewed, 54.0 percent were female and 46.0 percent were male. The majority (52.0%) of the respondents at the University were married and below the age of 35 years. The majority (66.0%) of these employees interviewed at Makerere University in this study were non-teaching staff of whom 56.0% of them indicated that they were earning salary between Ugshs 250,000-500,000 and these were majorly the non-teaching staff such as cleaners of lecturer rooms and halls of residences. The study concluded that availability of motivational packages to employees of Makerere University has caused the university workers to enhance their performance. The most common motivational packages include half payment of tuition for their biological children, health and transport allowances plus the salary increments that are promised after temporal strikes. University council must provide incentives and rewards to their staffs and this should include personal acknowledgement by letter or emails for staffs.
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    An exploratory study of enabling factors for positive living among women living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2018) Namubiru, Esther Kisaakye
    Enabling factors for positive living among women refers to factors which empower and describe patterns of interaction between individuals who are HIV positive and these allow these individuals to develop and grow. The purpose of this study was to analyze how women (15-49) who have tested HIV positive try to cope with their life in Uganda. The motivation of research was the fact that since 2000 several reforms have taken place in the health sector. These reforms are not limited to abolition of user fees in public health facilities, and increasing subsidies from government to private not for profit(PNFPs) health facilities. However women living with HIV are still in big numbers where in 2015, 670000 young people between ages 15-24 were newly affected with HIV of whom 9% are boys and the rest are girls UPHIA, 2016. During the study, a secondary dataset (UAIS) was used. The dataset is a sample of Uganda Aids Indicator Survey which contains information on 19895 women aged (15-49years). The data was analysed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS), cross tabulations, univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted so as to establish the relationship between women characteristics and enabling factors for their positive living. The results from the univariate analysis showed that majority of the women in Uganda who tested for HIV were 60% while only 40% had not tested for HIV. Hence cross tabulations were conducted to link the women characteristics to the ways of how they could cope with being HIV positive. The results proved that there was a significant relationship between the wealth index (0.000), level of education (0.000), religion (0.000), region (0.000), type of place of residence (0.000) and the age at first sexual intercourse (0.000) and the enabling factors for positive living among women who had tested for HIV. The chi-square value for all variables was carried out and there was a significant relationship. The results from the research revealed that many women out there had tested for HIV. This may be due to the fact that many of these women wanted to know there statuses or at times they might not be sure of their statuses. Many of these women were knowledgeable about the places from which they could get tested from and are living in urban areas from the richest households and had at least attained primary education. Hence the research shows that women have been able to go test for HIV and are at least knowledgeable about it.
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    The role of the boda-boda industry in the economic development of Uganda: A case study of Wandegeya Parish, Kampala
    (Makerere University, 2018) Akena, Alfred
    The aim of this study was to examine the role of the boda-boda industry in the economic development of Uganda in Wandegeya Parish. The objectives of the study were to; determine the contribution of boda-boda industry in the creation of employment opportunities, examine the extent to which boda-boda industry has improved income of people and to investigate the challenges faced by boda-boda industry in Wandegeya Parish. A descriptive research design was used to enable the researcher gather relevant data for this academic undertaking. The target respondents included were all operators of the motorcycles on five busiest stages in Wandegeya Parish. Simple random sampling was applied in drawing the sample size of 100 respondents as identified from the groups they have formed along the various stages. The structured questionnaire and observation guide were used to collect the primary data. The validity and reliability of research instruments were achieved through analysis of responses from the piloting and expert judgment. The data was entered using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS software and results presented descriptively in tables of frequencies and chi square tests. The study revealed that the boda-boda industry had revolutionized unemployment and many people especially the youths were earning a living from this industry. The study also found out the key activities which had come up as result of commercial boda-boda ridership hence increasing the respondent‟s incomes for instance shop keeping, obtaining a second motorcycle, poultry keeping, among others. Various challenges were associated with the boda-boda industry which included police harassment, high theft cases, high insurance fees, as well as uncooperative customers. The study recommended that the government should train, retrain and emphasize on best practices on motorcycle operations and should establish well updated and accurate data base on commercial motorcycle activities for their sustainability. The findings of the study would help the government and other governments in planning, regulating and managing the boda-boda industry since it is spread all over the country in order to aim at achieving effective economic development from the industry.
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    Risky factors associated with adolescent pregnancy among post-primary girls: A case study of Nansana Municipality
    (Makerere University, 2018) Nabawanuka, Jane
    The main objective of this study was to assess the risky factors associated with adolescent pregnancy post primary school girls in Nansana Municipality. It answered the following objectives: to assess the association between adolescent’s living environment; to find out the effect of parental factors on the risk of adolescent pregnancy; to establish the impact of sex education programs and lastly examine the influence of use of contraceptive on the risk of adolescent pregnancy. This study employed a cross-sectional study employing both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand and describe factors contributing to the high adolescent pregnancy rate in the Municipality. Purposive sampling was used to approximate 96 pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent students Nansana Municipality. The findings reveal that the study was dominated by the senior five and senior six students and majority of these students (64%) had boyfriends. Owing to the fact that most of the student were not having boyfriends, the study further revealed that the majority (73%) were not pregnant and had never been pregnant yet a few (27%) had ever been pregnant during their time of school. Lastly, the results revealed that the highest percentage (39%) got pregnant between the age of 10-14 years. Girls with higher age, girls from rural areas and those with parents who attained secondary as their highest education level had higher odds of being pregnant and girls with high parental income, Muslim girls and high parental communication had less odds of being pregnant. Parents living and meals a day were not significant. Through this study, it can be concluded that higher age, residing in rural areas, low parental income, Christian girls, girls with parents who attained secondary as their highest level of education, girls with low parental communication continue to serve as factors related to the risk of teenage pregnancy and parenting
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    Retail marketing strategies influencing the bread producers in Masaka Region
    ( 2018) Nandege, Sandra Berinda
    The study aims at assessing the retail marketing strategies influencing the bread producers in Masaka region. The research was guided by three objectives that include; establishing the retail marketing strategies adopted by producers in bread industry, determining the factors that influence the choice of retail marketing strategies adopted by the producers in Masaka and finally to determine whether these strategies have given the bread producers a competitive advantage. The methodology emphasized on a quantitative research design. The study was conducted in Masaka region covering Masaka bread producers, further still, non-probability sampling techniques were utilized that included purposive sampling and convenience sampling approaches because. The findings showed that on the extent of Adoption of Retail Marketing Strategies respondents agreed that the following had been done to a very large extent. The bread products companies; were to a large extent committed to the retail strategy (4.64). with respect to geographic segmentation, they further had regional splits e.g. Rural and urban sales regions (4.64). Further still on the environmental factors the choice of marketing strategy analysis revealed that legal factors, diversification, competition, technological changes, economic changes, social factors, environmental factors and legal factors had prompted to a large extent, strategic moves, within the past five years (3.70, 4.00, 4.10, 4.00, 4.00, 3.60, 3.67 and 3.70 respectively). The findings of the study, revealed that, no one company can operate without clear strategies on how to achieve its goals and objectives. Thus it is anticipated that the study will be of benefit to the bread products company managers in articulating retail marketing strategies aimed at winning and retaining retail customers. The study also added value to the existing body of knowledge in the area of retailing; strategic responses companies should adopt in order to gain a competitive advantage. It is important therefore to note that, the retail sector is constantly changing so fast that those companies who do not innovate with time will ultimately lose substantially. It is an evolving industry which must cope with the various changes taking place