School of Statistics and Planning (SSP) Collection

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    A model for pricing and profit testing of a conventional credit insurance for individuals
    (Makerere University, 2026) Mwendeze, Desire. Marion
    This project’s objective was to design a conventional credit insurance product for individuals that get loans in Uganda, which pays the individual’s outstanding loan amount upon death or permanent disability. Individuals that acquire loans, especially large loan amounts, face challenges of paying the loans especially in the event of permanent disability or death as it leads to financial burden transferred to family members or even loss of assets given in as collateral. The policy modelled has two decrements; death and disability. Assumptions have been made to aid in pricing and profit testing the model. The profit margins over different ages and policy terms have been computed and the principle of equivalence has been used to calculate the premiums. Python 3.13.9 and Microsoft Excel were utilized to build the pricing and profit testing models. Results show that the ideal terms for the policy are three to six years, covering both male and female lives between ages of 25 and 60. Premiums tend to increase with age and profit margins tend to decrease with policy terms. This product is priced to ensure premiums are affordable for low-income earners so as to promote inclusivity and consequently promote poverty alleviation. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the effect of changes in certain assumptions on the profit margin. The results, show that the interest rate, mortality, expenses and commission affect the profit margin. A key challenge for this product is distribution to the customers and way of paying premiums in the most economical way. I suggest that insurance companies work with SACCOs and banks to distribute the product to customers and also use mobile money services to pay premiums.
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    A multi-level statistical modeling of the determinants of neonatal mortality in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2026) Karungi, Bonitah.
    Neonatal mortality remains a major public health challenge in Uganda despite improvements in maternal and newborn healthcare services. This study aimed to determine the maternal socioeconomic, neonatal, household environmental and community-level factors associated with neonatal mortality in Uganda using a multilevel logistic regression approach. The study employed a cross-sectional analytical design using secondary data from the 2022 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS). A total of 18,178 live births nested within 680 community clusters were included in the analysis among which 118 neonatal deaths were recorded. Data were analyzed using Stata version 16. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study variables, chi-square tests examined bivariate associations and multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to account for the hierarchical structure of the data. The empty model revealed significant community-level clustering of neonatal mortality (ICC = 14.23%, LR test, p = 0.035) justifying the use of multilevel modelling. At the bivariate level, household wealth index (χ² = 11.203, p = 0.024) and place of residence (χ² = 6.429, p = 0.011) were significantly associated with neonatal mortality. In the intermediate multilevel model, neonates from households in the second wealth quintile had significantly higher odds of neonatal mortality than those from the poorest households (AOR = 2.159, p = 0.010). In the final multilevel model, after adjusting for maternal socioeconomic, neonatal, household environmental and community-level factors, household toilet facility remained the only statistically significant determinant of neonatal mortality with households having improved toilet facilities exhibiting higher odds of neonatal mortality than those with unimproved facilities (AOR = 5.480, p = 0.020). Although this association was contrary to expectations it should be interpreted cautiously because it may reflect residual confounding or unmeasured factors not captured in the dataset. The study concludes that neonatal mortality in Uganda is influenced by household socioeconomic conditions, household environmental characteristics and community-level factors. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening socioeconomic support, improving maternal and newborn healthcare services, addressing contextual community differences and conducting further research to better understand the unexpected association between household sanitation and neonatal mortality
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    A pricing and profit testing model for a unit-linked endowment microinsurance plan for factory and industrial workers
    (Makerere University, 2026) Kabba, Misulamu Joshua
    This study develops, prices, and profit-tests a unit-linked endowment micro insurance product for factory and industrial workers in Uganda. A formal-sector workforce whose exposure to machinery, hazardous materials, and shift-based labour leaves it carrying meaningful occupational risk. The plan combines a death, disability and survival benefit with an investment-linked endowment component, priced using the principle of equivalence and assessed for insurer profitability through unit-fund and non-unit-fund profit testing. Assumptions were calibrated to Uganda's regulatory and macroeconomic environment, including Kenyan mortality and disability tables adjusted upward for occupational risk, a 2026 Government of Uganda Treasury bond-linked discount rate, and Uganda Bureau of Statistics inflation data. Models were built first in Microsoft Excel for a 27-year-old male and female policyholder on a 5-year term, then generalized in Python 3.12.4 across ages 20 to 51 and terms of 5, 6, and 7 years, with a sum assured of UGX 2,000,000. For the baseline profile, the model produced an annual premium of UGX 278,558.90 and a 7.94% profit margin for the male life, and UGX 277,828.51 and 8.09% for the female life. Across the full range of ages and terms, annual premiums ran from roughly UGX 147,300 to UGX 285,000, and profit margins from about 7% to 19%, rising with policy term and falling with entry age, with female policyholders consistently posting marginally higher margins than males. Sensitivity testing identified renewal commission, the risk discount rate, and initial expenses as the strongest drivers of profitability, with the product remaining profitable under every scenario tested. The study concludes that an actuarially sound, affordable micro insurance product for this segment is achievable, and recommends mobile-money premium collection, employer-facilitated payroll deduction, and closer collaboration with the Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda to support its rollout.
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    A pricing and profit-testing model for a unit-linked endowment assurance plan for construction workers in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2026) Naluwembe, Shakirah.
    Construction is among the most hazardous occupations in Uganda, yet construction workers are almost entirely excluded from the formal life assurance market. The exclusion is structural rather than accidental: the workforce is predominantly casual and informally engaged, incomes are irregular and seasonal, and the occupational risk profile is materially heavier than the standard-lives basis on which conventional life products are priced. Insurers therefore either decline the risk, price it at a level that the market cannot absorb, or offer contracts whose Surrender terms make them unsuitable for workers whose earnings fluctuate. The result is a segment of the labour force that is simultaneously the most exposed to premature death and permanent total disability and the least protected against their financial consequences. This dissertation designs, prices and profit-tests a unit-linked endowment assurance planspecifically for Ugandan construction workers. The contract pays a benefit on death, onpermanent total disability, on voluntary surrender and on survival to the end of the policy term, and combines guaranteed protection with a transparent investment account so that a worker who neither dies nor is disabled still accumulates a capital sum. The design responds directly to the three features that make the segment difficult to serve: an occupationally loaded decrement basis, a graded premium-allocation ladder that recovers initial acquisition strain without destroying early surrender values, and a surrender benefit set at a level that is neither punitive nor a source of anti-selection. A three-decrement model death, permanent total disability and withdrawal was constructed from the Kenyan graduated assured-lives and disability tables, converted from independent to dependent rates under the assumption of a uniform distribution of decrements and loaded by a factor of 1.2 for occupational mortality and for occupational disability. Premiums were determined by the principle of equivalence and then set commercially so that each contract clears up a term-graded shareholder hurdle. Profitability was assessed through a unit-fund and non-unit-fund projection yielding a profit vector, a profit signature, a net present value profit margin, an internal rate of return and a discounted payback period. The model was implemented independently in Microsoft Excel and in Python, and the two implementations were reconciled to within UGX 395,895.22 to UGX 394,202.55 of the office premium. The results indicate that the product is commercially viable and affordable across the realistic entry-age range of 25 to 29 years and policy terms of five to 7years. For male lives the annual office premium of UGX 395,895.22 and 394,202.55 for female lives. With a monthly Premium of 32,850.21 for females and 32,991.2685 for males. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was also carried out to determine the effect of changes in certain variables on the profit margin. In the results, the management charges, interest rates and management had the highest effect on premium and profit margin while the mortality had the lowest effect on profit margin.
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    A time series analysis of HIV linkage to care rates in Kampala District, Uganda, 2015 2023
    (Makerere University, 2026) Ssempebwa, Benedict
    Routine monitoring of the HIV care cascade is critical for evaluating health service delivery, yet routine data are frequently summarized descriptively without formal time series modelling. This study conducted a time series analysis of monthly HIV linkage to care rates in Kampala District, Uganda, using secondary routine data from the District Health Information Software covering the period from January 2015 to December 2023. Following data cleaning which involved the exclusion of the first six months of 2015 due to incomplete reporting an analytic series of 102 monthly observations was evaluated. The primary objectives were to examine the trend pattern, assess seasonal variation, and fit an advanced predictive model to generate short term forecasts for the 2024 calendar year. Decomposition and feature extraction analyses revealed a weak underlying upward trend Ft = 0.142. Furthermore, the seasonal strength score Fs = 0.213 confirmed the absence of meaningful annual seasonality, demonstrating that linkage to care rates do not follow a repeating calendar cycle. To capture the complex, nonlinear dynamics and high variance of the series, a Neural Network Autoregression (NNAR) model specifically an NNAR (1, 1, 2)12 architecture trained as an ensemble of 20 networks was fitted to the data. The validated model projected a dynamic, nonlinear linkage to care rate for the 2024 calendar year, averaging in the mid 80s with monthly point forecasts fluctuating between a low of 82.5 percent in March and a peak of 89.1 percent in May. Wide 95 percent prediction intervals (spanning roughly 64 to 110 percent) successfully accounted for the extreme historical volatility and periodic reporting anomalies, such as episodes where recorded linkage exceeded 100 percent. The findings indicate that Kampala District's healthcare network has reached operational maturity, transitioning from expansion to sustainment. The study recommends shifting broad linkage campaigns toward targeted, localized interventions for hard to reach populations, improving cross month client tracking between testing points and ART clinics to resolve reporting lags, and maintaining consistent year round resource allocation.
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    A time series analysis of the contributions of agriculture, industry and service sectors to Uganda’s GDP (2008-2024)
    (Makerere University, 2026) Mirembe, Persis
    This study examined the contributions of Uganda’s agriculture, industry, and services sectors to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the period 2008–2024. Secondary data were obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and analyzed using a quantitative time-series approach. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sectoral performance, while linear regression trend analysis was employed to assess changes in sectoral GDP contributions over time. Differences in mean growth rates across sectors were examined using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey HSD post hoc tests. In addition, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were developed and validated to forecast sectoral GDP contributions from 2024 to 2027. The results revealed statistically significant growth trends in all three sectors over the study period. The services sector recorded the strongest growth trend and remained the largest contributor to GDP, followed by industry and agriculture. Analysis of mean growth rates showed significant differences across sectors, with industry (1.294%) and services (1.227%) exhibiting significantly higher growth rates than agriculture (0.878%), while no significant difference was observed between industry and services. Forecast results indicated continued growth in all sectors through 2027, with services expected to maintain dominance, industry showing steady expansion, and agriculture recording the highest projected percentage increase despite remaining the smallest contributor. The study concludes that Uganda is undergoing a service-led structural transformation characterized by sustained growth in all major sectors, although substantial disparities in sectoral performance persist. While economic growth is expected to continue, the imbalance between sectors suggests that structural transformation remains incomplete. The study recommends strengthening agricultural productivity through investment in climate-resilient farming systems, promoting manufacturing-led industrialization, and enhancing digital transformation to ensure that growth in the services sector translates into broader employment and sustainable economic development.
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    A unit-linked micro insurance plan for Ugandan migrant workers (diaspora)
    (Makerere University, 2025) Obete, Jaspher
    The main objective of this dissertation project was to design a unit-linked micro insurance product for Ugandan migrant workers, which provide financial protection in the event death of the policyholder, surrender, permanent disability or survival of the policyholder to the end of the policy term along with a structured investment element. The product seeks to create a secure, efficient, and transparent way to remit funds, along with a structured investment element and essential life insurance protection for policy holders and their families in Uganda. The pricing and profit testing techniques was adopted in the design of the models for the calculation of appropriate premiums that would be paid by each eligible individual based on certain factors. The factors considered for this model were age, sex and policy term. Other factors include the demographic profile of the migrant workers, income levels, and specific financial goals and aspiration of the intending policyholder. The policy design considered majorly three decrements, that is, death, permanent disability and Surrender. Actuarial techniques were used and assumptions were taken for the interest rate of 17.41%, a risk discount rate of 18.41%, initial expense of 15% and renewal expense of 5% of premiums, initial commission of 25% and renewal commission of 3.5% of premium, a management charge of 2%, inflation rate of 3.3% and mortality and disability tables were the Kenyan tables deflated to 90%, Premiums were calculated based on the Actuarial principle of Equivalence, this was achieved by balancing equation of value to zero. This process helped to determine appropriate premium to be charged for a specific individual and profits testing involved determining Profits margins over various ages and policy terms which was done in Microsoft Excel for a 25-year-old both male and female. Generalization of the model was done in Python to be able to generate results for various ages across different policy terms. Sensitivity analysis was also done in Microsoft Excel to understand the relationship between premiums and profits margins across various ages and policy terms when each of the assumed variables change while holding others constant. The output show that for a male policyholder between 25 years to 45 yours old, the annual premiums generally ranged between UGX.1,317,042 and UGX.4,944,196 while profits margins ranged from 3.56% to 6.71% for the policy term of 5-10 years. The results also indicate that premiums generally increase with the age of inception of the policy while profits margins decline with increase in age of policy inception across all the policy terms. Overall, the product was more profitable for a 31-year-old male across all terms compared to other ages.
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    Academic performance of university students in Uganda: a case study of Makerere University
    (Makerere University, 2024-06) Nayamba, Olivia
    The study was conducted in Makerere University. The objective of the study was to analyze the factors that influence academic performance among university students in Uganda. The research methodology for the study was a cross sectional research design. The sample size was 174 respondents and the cluster sampling technique was used in selecting respondents included in the sample. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data and data was analyzed using SPSS version25 at the univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels. The research findings indicated that the students’ attendance of lectures significantly influenced their academic performance, since the P-value 0.04 was less than the critical value 0.05 (0.04<0.05). The study also indicated that sex of the student had no association with their academic performance, since the p value (0.889>0.05). From the study, one’s residence also had no association with their academic performance since the p value (0.123>0.05). The study indicated that online research was significantly associated to CGPA, with a P value 0.013<0.05. And sponsorship was found to be positively associated to academic performance in terms of CGPA, with a p value, 0.003<0.05 On the basis of conclusion, students who attended lectures daily, those who carried out online research more often and those that were registered under government sponsorship had better academic performance results, in terms of their CGPA. On the other hand, factors like sex, residence and library research had no association with academic performance of students. Basing on the researcher’s recommendations, the study recommended that the government should sponsor more of the university students, in order to have their academic results risen, that students should attend lectures most often, so as to grab content directly from their instructors and online resources should be improved and their access made easy, for students who carry out online research to boost their academic performance.
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    Access to HIV testing among older men in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2024-05) Akia, Victoria. Emily
    Background: There is low uptake of HIV testing among older men in Uganda. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic and socio-economic factors that influence HIV testing among older men in Uganda. Methods: This study used secondary data from the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS 2011). The analysis was done on 870 men aged 50-59 in the individual recode. Frequency distributions, chi-square tests as well as binary logistic regression were done to determine the factors that influence HIV testing among older men in Uganda. Results: Majority (about 88%) of the older men were married while almost 61% of these men had acquired primary education. The largest percentage of older men was in the poor income group. Many (89%) older men had knowledge and awareness about HIV. About 44% of the older men reported that they feared to test for HIV because of fear of stigma associated with positive results. The odds of testing for HIV are higher among men who attained higher education (OR =2.88, 95%CI: 1.48 - 5.60). Additionally, the odds of testing and receiving results were highest among men with knowledge and awareness about HIV (OR = 2.67, 95%CI: 1.59 - 4.44). The odds of testing and receiving results were low among men who feared stigma from society in case of positive results (OR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.52 - 0.90). Conclusion: Testing for HIV and reception of results among older men was positively associated with education level, knowledge and awareness on HIV and fear of stigma. HIV testing interventions need to target older men aged 50 years and above, who were less likely to test. Keywords: HIV, AIDS, HIV testing, Older men, Uganda, Africa.
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    Accessibility to healthcare among HIV/AIDS patients in Kyangwali Refugee Settlement and host community
    (Makerere University, 2022-10) Ogero, David
    In Uganda, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adults is 6.7 which corresponds to 1.2 million people aged 15 to 64 years living with HIV/AIDS which makes it second to South Africa where 2363 get infected every week. Approximately 75 % of all the global HIV/AIDS-related deaths totaling 1.6 million in 2012 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda contributed 5.25% to these deaths. The aim of this study, therefore, was to explore the accessibility to healthcare amongst HIV/AIDS patients in Kyangwali refugee settlement and host community. The study was a cross sectional study based on quantitative data collected using semi-structured questionnaires comprised of 200 HIV-positive patients in Kyangwali refugee settlement and host community. The investigations were made by demographic and social-economic factors. The analysis was done using binary logistic regression model and odd ratios were reported. The results indicated that the majority (68.5 %) of respondents accessed healthcare at the nearest health facility. The main elements of accessibility associated with access to healthcare include; age 36–46 years (p=0.040) and they are 0.3 times more likely to access healthcare than age category 14-18 years, residence (within the camp) (p=0.024) whereby refugees are 3 times more likely to access healthcare than the host community and distance 3km-4km (p=0.000) and >4km (p=0.004) whereby they are 4 and 5 times respectively more likely to access healthcare at the nearest health facility than patients residing within 2km to the nearest health facility. In conclusion, the distance (3km-4km) traveled by the respondents, age category (36-46years) and residential status of the respondents (within the camp) were associated with access to healthcare and there was relatively high access to healthcare amongst the patients. The study therefore recommends provision of transportation means to HIV patients, providing adult education on HIV care to HIV patients and ensuring increased access to HIV care messages through community outreaches as a key measure of increasing access to healthcare amongst HIV/AIDS patients.
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    Accessing the challenges faced by people in accessing clean drinking water: case study of North Buganda region
    (Makerere University, 2023-11-03) Kibeedi, Rahim
    Background: Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is critical for infection prevention and control especially in health facilities. Often, neonates and their mothers are particularly vulnerable to infections that are transmitted due to poor WASH conditions. Information on the status of WASH in health facilities in many developing countries, Uganda inclusive is scanty yet new-born mortality rate remains as high at 27 deaths per 1,000 live births, of which 31% of these deaths are due to neonatal sepsis. Methods A cross-sectional study was used to assess the WASH status and associated factors in health care facilities (HCFs) in the GKMA in North Buganda so as to inform appropriate models for sustainable WASH in HCF. Specifically, the researcher established the status of WASH (i.e. water supply and quality, sanitation, hand hygiene, solid waste management and cleaning), behaviors of health practitioners and mothers as well as management systems for WASH sustainability in HCFs. Study units included the HCFs in North Buganda which had both urban and rural areas. The sampling included all the different respondents in North Buganda which included women head of households, men head of households, the youths, those above the age of 65 years and those respondents who are below 18 years of age. Data collection was conducted using the WASH Conditions (WASHCo) tool on a Commcare mobile application comprised of interviews with key informants, observations and water quality analysis. Water samples were tested for total and faecal coliforms, i.e. E. coli using the most probable number method. Quantitative data was entered in ODK software suing mobile phones and exported to SPSS version 23 and STATA version 15for analysis. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, mainly parametric tests. For WASHCo the data was analyzed using R and A dashboard created with the summary WASHCo scores, JMP results and individual facility reports generated. A Chi-square test was used to assess association between predictors outcome variable. Qualitative data from FGDs and interviews was analyzed using content analysis and findings were triangulated with quantitative results.
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    Actors associated with change in Uganda’s wealth quintile using (UDHS 2011&2016).
    (Makerere University, 2024-11) Ssemwanga, Allan Junior
    The study aimed to determine the factors that affect Uganda’s wealth quintile and employed data from the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS – 2011 & 2016) that composed household wealth asset data, the household file. In order to establish the relationship between sex of the household head, highest level of education of the household head, type of place of residence and household wealth quintile in Uganda. The wealth index was used as a composite measure of a household's cumulative living standard. Independent variables used under this study include the following; type of place of residence, sex of them household head and highest level of education of the household head and the dependent variable being the household wealth quintile. A sample of 19,588 households from 2016 survey and a sample of 9,033 from the 2011 survey were used in this analyses. The probability of being within all the quintiles among male-headed households significantly higher than that female-headed households (calculated chi-square = 33.0591, P.value = 0.00) The type of place of residence had a significant association with the wealth quintile (P.value = 0.000). Households that lived in urban areas were richer (66.55%) compared to those in rural areas. The highest level of education had a significant relationship with the wealth quintile (F-statistic = 39.71, P.value = 0.000). However, households that attained at most the primary level of education had a significantly higher wealth than those without any education. Households that that didn’t know their level of education level of education had a significantly lower wealth than those with the secondary level of education. The study recommends the government to encourage people to save, household heads to persist in education to gain higher levels of education. Households should consider undertaking self-generating expenditures in acquiring of certain assets. In addition, households should undertake opportunity ventures in urban areas most especially those that reside in the rural areas which can uplift their wealth statuses.
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    Adoption of blended learning methods in Ugandan universities: a case of School of Statistics and Planning Makerere University
    (Makerere University, 2022-03) Kizza, Bridget Sylvia Nakyajja
    The current research was set out to assess the adoption of blended learning methods considering the school of statistics and planning, Makerere University as the case study. This research study sought to determine the prevalence, factors associated with the adoption of blended learning methods and its effect on students’ performance. The research focus was centered on how socio-demographic characteristics are associated with the adoption of blended learning methods and whether ownership of an electronic device has an effect on the adoption of blended learning methods and the effect of adoption of blended learning methods on students’ performance. A quantitative approach utilized a cross-sectional survey to gather primary data from the students of school of statistics and planning at Makerere University. The sample size was 103 questionnaires which were answered by the respondents using google forms. Sampling method used was stratified. Hypothesis testing was done using ANOVA at 1%, 5% and 5% significance and the Pearson’s chi-square test statistic which was used to test the association between variables of interest. A multinomial regression model was then carried out. The collected data was analyzed using a statistical package known as SPSS 23 software. The results showed that there’s no significant impact of socio-demographic characteristics or ownership of an electronic device on choosing a BL method i.e. adoption of blended learning methods. There’s no statistical significance of the full model (containing all the predictors) which indicates that there’s no significant improvement over the null model. Findings from this study concluded that there’s no significant relationship between ownership of an electronic device and BL method used but there’s a significant relationship between gender, type of sponsorship and BL method used. The model exhibited goodness of fit and there’s significance for all the predictors. Findings from this study provided insights on the attitude towards adoption of BL methods and its practical contribution that includes knowledge which can be incorporated into the e-learning training modules to address low adoption of blended learning Blended learning interventions should be appropriately and thoroughly measured, evaluated by participants, and analyzed by the teaching and production team.
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    Adoption of e-learning and its impact on students’ academic performance: case study of Makerere University.
    (Makerere University, 2022-11) Amviko, Faith Naula
    Blended learning is one of the modern methods of learning to help in solving knowledge explosion problems. According to UNESCO, the growing demand for education and the problems associated with overcrowding in class coupled with limited manpower (lecturers and teachers), could be minimized if learning is modified to be for distance learning, expanding the acceptance opportunities in education, and be able to train the users of this new technology, and motivate workers then the SDG 4, quality education could be attained, increase enrolment level and completion rate hence reducing illiteracy rates. In 2019, the outbreak of the global pandemic COVID-19 offered an opportunity for the University to resort to the use of BL because many residential and non-residential students of the education fraternity were banned from contacting physical/ traditional lectures. Blended learning (BL) has been increasing in popularity and demand and has developed as a common practice in institutions of higher learning. Therefore, this study analyses the impact of blended learning on the performance of students of Makerere University. This study constituted student sample respondents who were selected from at least 6 colleges of Makerere students CoBAMs, CoNAS, CEDAT, CoCIS, CHUSS, and CEES from at least second year and above. This study population of years two and above was selected from the respective colleges because they were exposed to both the physical and blended or online learning model. Indeed this was justified by the significant proportion (98.86%) of respondents who acknowledged having been exposed to blended studying model. This proved that the study population was 100% aware of the study topic and it further constituted 61.93% male students and 38.07% female students. In conclusion, the average CGPA of students when exposed to blended learning (Mean = 3.7048) was statistically significantly different from the average CGPA of the students when exposed to face to face (Mean =3.5906) model of learning. Also the technological factors associated with blended learning as well the demographic characteristics of students had no significant impact on the CGPA. I therefore recommend that the university administration focus more on training students and staff on how to use the different online learning platforms since most students and lecturers were not acquainted with such technology and this in turn affected students’ performance. Furthermore, the sites used for online sessions and platforms such as MUELE should be improved to enable easy accessibility and reliability to increase on the attendance.
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    Adoption of saving culture among Makerere University students a case study of final year students at school of statistics and planning, Makerere University
    (Makerere University, 2024-08) Nasiimwa, Annitah
    The study was about adoption of a saving culture among Makerere University students and was conducted in Makerere University at the school of statistics and planning in Uganda. The research methodology for the study was a cross-sectional research design. The sample size was 112 respondents and the cluster sampling technique was used in selecting respondents included in the sample. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data and data was analyzed using SPSS version27 at the univariate and bivariate levels. The research findings indicated that financial literacy significantly influences the level of saving among Makerere university students since the p-value (0.020) is less than the critical value (0.05) i.e. 0.020<0.05. Research also indicated that peer influence has a significant relationship with the level of saving among Makerere university students since the p-value (0.464) is less than the critical value (0.05) i.e. 0.464<0.05. Research further showed that parental influence has a significant relationship with the level of saving among Makerere university students since the p-value (0.404) is less than the critical value (0.05) i.e. 0.404<0.05. Research also indicated that self-control has a significant relationship with the level of saving among Makerere university students since the p-value is less than the critical value. From the barriers, research indicated that there is a significant relationship between income earned and saving, since most of the respondents responded to not saving as a result of limited income (42.9%). Most of the respondents (96.4%) believed saving is very important while others (3.6%) believed saving is not important at all. Close to half of the respondents reported to be using banks, as a form of saving (40.2%). I recommend that Makerere university can pay more attention to cultivate students, financial literacy by offering general courses on financial knowledge. In addition, the university can also organize relevant activities such as personal finance skills contest, financial lecturers and so on, to improve students’ financial literacy. According to the results, a big proportion 74.1% of students indicate that parents can do a better job of setting good examples for their children in terms of saving, thus directly influencing their children’s saving behavior. Therefore, I suggest that parents should offer advices to their children on savings plus its importance. It is suggested also for the research to be conducted among different universities of the country or world wide for which will offer a big sample for further and better comparison and conclusions.
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    Agricultural exports and employment in Uganda: an empirical assessment of growth engine or jobless growth (2014-2024): a case study of Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2026) Nabbumba, Gloria Deborah
    This study examined the effect of agricultural exports on employment in Uganda’s agricultural sector from 2014 to 2024. Agriculture is one of the main sources of employment and export earnings in Uganda. However, there are concerns about whether the growth in agricultural exports has actually led to more employment opportunities in the sector. The study used annual secondary data obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics and the Bank of Uganda. The data was analysed using Stata. Descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and correlation analysis were first used to understand the behaviour of the variables over the study period. The study then used the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model to examine the relationship between agricultural exports and employment. The ARDL model was also used to examine the short-run and long-run relationship between agricultural exports, employment, and other macroeconomic variables. The OLS results showed that agricultural exports had a positive relationship with employment, although the effect was not statistically significant. GDP had a significant negative effect on agricultural employment, while inflation had a negative but insignificant effect. The exchange rate had a positive but weak effect on employment. The ARDL results showed that agricultural exports had a positive but weakly significant effect on employment in the short run. This suggests that an increase in exports may temporarily support employment through increased production and labour demand. However, the study did not find a significant long-run relationship between agricultural exports and employment. The study concludes that although agricultural exports can contribute positively to employment, increasing exports alone may not be enough to create many sustainable jobs in Uganda’s agricultural sector. The study therefore recommends that export promotion should be supported by investments in value addition, agro-processing, rural infrastructure, and other labour-intensive agricultural activities to create more employment opportunities and support inclusive economic growth.
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    Agricultural practices of rice production in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2023) Namanya, Elisa
    The objective of the study was to investigate the socio-economic and demographic factors determining rice production in Uganda. Secondary data was collected from UBOS containing different households in Uganda carrying out agricultural activities. Data analysis was done using STATA. Multiple regression was used to investigate the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors determining rice production in Uganda. The study findings revealed that of the total household heads the majority of about 15.41% are between 45 and 49 years and the minority of the household heads 1.08 % is between 20 and 24 years. Eastern region is the greatest produce of rice in Uganda with 41.94% and central region producing the least quantity of rice of 4.3%. The majority of the sampled household heads were male with 86.02%. The majority of the rice producers obtain primary education and a few proportions of household heads of 3.94% attained secondary education. Most of the sampled household heads of 67.03% are Literate. The research was based on 95% level of confidence and hypothesized that if the p-values of the study variables are greater than 0.05 the significant level, the agricultural Practices of rice production had no relationship with the quantity of rice production otherwise, there was a significant relationship and the p-values (0.000) had much higher influence on the outcome variables compared to the one equal to the significant level. Multiple regression analysis model reveals that households with heads between 20 to 24 years of age are statistically significant with rice production p value (0.004) < 0.05. Furthermore, the being P value (0.000) < 0.05 implies that there is statistical significance between households with household heads above secondary level of education and rice production. The study recommended that MAAIF should use comparative advantage techniques to facilitate the regions that produce the most quantity of rice in Uganda. The study further research recommended that the government should facilitate the youth headed families so as to utilize their efficiency and increase more quantity of rice produced since they already have the potential of rice production. The study recommended more emphases on education especially in agriculture since a high level of education leads to increase in the quantity of rice produced in Uganda.
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    Alcoholism and risky behaviour among university students: a case study of Makerere University
    (Makerere University, 2017-08-28) Aciro, Janet
    Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to establish alcoholism and risky behaviour among university students, a case study of Makerere University. Specific objectives: i. To establish the effects of alcoholism and students risky behavior to the academic performance of the students. ii. To examine the effects of alcoholism to the students in Makerere University. iii. To examine the measures that should be undertaken to reduce on alcoholism among students in Makerere University.
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    An analysis of the expenditure patterns and budgeting practices among university students: a case study of the School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University
    (Makerere University, 2026) Opaman, Mercy.
    This study analyses the expenditure patterns and budgeting practices among university students, focusing on a case study of the School of Statistics and Planning at Makerere University. The study aimed to assess how demographic characteristics influence spending habits and to identify the motivations and barriers impacting financial management. By utilizing a quantitative cross-sectional design, data was collected from 203 third year undergraduate students using a stratified random sampling technique that transitioned into convenience sampling. Findings from a two-way ANOVA revealed that living arrangement significantly affects essential expenditure (p < 0.001), while gender does not. However, neither gender nor living arrangement showed a statistically significant effect on non-essential spending (p = 0.613, 0.174). A chi-square test of independence demonstrated that student’s primary income source - which was predominantly parental support (70%) - has no significant relationship with their choice of a budgeting tool (p = 0.066). The data highlights a heavy reliance on informal financial tracking, with 51.24% of the students using either mental budgets or no budget at all. While students are motivated to budget to control daily spending (44.8%), they are mainly hindered by the perceived complexity of tracking expenses (28.1%), and income unpredictability (26.6%). It was also noted that students’ budgets frequently deviate due to unforeseen expenses (47.3%). The study concludes that financial management behaviors are largely driven by psychological factors and structural living conditions rather than income sources, which underscores the need for context specific financial literacy interventions.
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    An assessment of determinants of access to education among children aged 6 to 18 years: a case study of Kasubi and Namungoona, Kampala, Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2026) Alupo, Grace Acom
    Access to education remains a major development concern despite government interventions such as Universal Primary Education (UPE) and Universal Secondary Education (USE). Many children, particularly those from socio-economically disadvantaged households continue to experience barriers to educational access. This study assessed the determinants of access to education among children aged 6 to 18 years in Kasubi and Namungoona, Kampala, Uganda. Specifically, the study examined the influence of demographic factors, household characteristics, social factors and child poverty on children's access to education. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was adopted. Primary data were collected from 392 household heads or guardians using a structured questionnaire administered through Kobo Collect. Data were analyzed using STATA version 16. Background statistics were used to summarize the data while Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were employed to determine factors associated with access to education at a 5% level of significance. The findings revealed that 54.34% of the children had access to education. Logistic regression results showed that age of household head, employment status of household head and child poverty were significant determinants of access to education. Children from households headed by individuals aged 30 - 45 years (OR = 3.591, p = 0.000) and 46 - 59 years (OR = 2.223, p = 0.044) were significantly more likely to access education than those from households headed by individuals aged 18 - 29 years. Children from households with informally employed heads were 68% less likely to access education (OR = 0.320, p = 0.000), while children classified as moderately poor (OR = 0.526, p = 0.020) and poor (OR = 0.243, p = 0.000) had significantly lower odds of accessing education than rich children. The study concluded that household economic stability and child poverty are key determinants of children's access to education in Kasubi and Namungoona. It recommends strengthening employment creation initiatives for household heads, expanding poverty reduction and social protection programs and increasing targeted educational support for vulnerable households to improve access to education.